Acetyl coenzyme carboxylase

Sasaki, Y., Konishi, T. and Nagano, Y. (1995). The compartmentation of acetyl-coenzyme carboxylase in plants. Plant Physiol 445-449. 

Zn-+ DNA polymerase Coenzyme A (CoA) Acyl groups Acetyl-CoA carboxylase... 

Two particularly interesting aspects of the pyruvate carboxylase reaction are (a) allosteric activation of the enzyme by acyl-coenzyme A derivatives and (b) compartmentation of the reaction in the mitochondrial matrix. The carboxy-lation of biotin requires the presence (at an allosteric site) of acetyl-coenzyme A or other acylated coenzyme A derivatives. The second half of the carboxylase reaction—the attack by pyruvate to form oxaloacetate—is not affected by CoA derivatives. 

Kim KH Regulation of mammalian acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. Annu RevNutr 1997 17 77. 

Lopez JM, Bennett MK, Sanchez HB, Rosenfeld JM, Osborne TE. Sterol regulation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase a mechanism for coordinate control of cellular lipid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996 93 1049-1053. 

Coenzymes Coenzyme A Benzoyl-coenzyme A reductase, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, 3 -methylcrotonyl-coenzyme-A carboxylase... 

Selected entries from Methods in Enzymology [vol, page(s)] Assay, 1, 611 3, 935-938 63, 33 separation by HPLC, 72, 45 extraction from tissues, 13, 439 formation of, 1, 486, 518, 585 5, 466 free energy of hydrolysis, 1, 694 substrate for the following enzymes [acetyl-coenzyme A acyl carrier protein transacylase, 14, 50 acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, 14, 3, 9 acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase, 13, 375 N-acetyltransferase, 17B, 805 aminoacetone... 

Roesler, K.R., Shorrosh, B.S., and Ohlrogge, J.B., Structure and expression of an Arabidopsis acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase gene. Plant Physiol, 105, 611, 1994. 

Jamil, H. Madsen, N.B. Phosphorylation state of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. 1. Linear inverse relationship to activity ratios at different citrate concentrations. J. Biol. Chem., 262, 630-637 (1987)... 

Lent, B.A. Kim, K.-H. Requirement of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase kinase for coenzyme A. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 225, 964-971 (1983)... 

Gamble, J. Lopaschuk, G.D. Insulin inhibition of 5 -adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in the heart results in activation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase and inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. Metabolism, 46, 1270-1274 (1997)... 

The energy for the carbon-to-carbon condensations in fatty acid synthesis is supplied by the process of carboxylation and then decarboxylation of acetyl groups in the cytosol. The carboxylation of acetyl CcA to form malonyl CoA is catalyzed by acetyl CoA carboxylase (Figure 16.7), and requires HC03 )and ATP. The coenzyme is the vitamin, biotin, which is covalently bound to a lysyl residue of the carboxylase. 

Eight enzyme-catalyzed reactions are involved in the conversion of acetyl-CoA into fatty acids. The first reaction is catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase and requires ATP. This is the reaction that supplies the energy that drives the biosynthesis of fatty acids. The properties of acetyl-CoA carboxylase are similar to those of pyruvate carboxylase, which is important in the gluconeogenesis pathway (see chapter 12). Both enzymes contain the coenzyme biotin covalently linked to a lysine residue of the protein via its e-amino group. In the last section of this chapter we show that the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase plays an important role in the control of fatty acid biosynthesis in animals. Regulation of the first enzyme in a biosynthetic pathway is a strategy widely used in metabolism. 

The product of acetyl-CoA carboxylase reaction, malonyl-CoA, is reduced via malonate semialdehyde to 3-hydroxypropionate, which is further reductively converted to propionyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is carboxylated to (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA by the same carboxylase. (S)-Methylmalonyl-CoA is isomerized to (R)-methylmal-onyl-CoA, followed by carbon rearrangement to succinyl-CoA by coenzyme B 12-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Succinyl-CoA is further reduced to succinate semialdehyde and then to 4-hydroxybutyrate. The latter compound is converted into two acetyl-CoA molecules via 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase, a key enzyme of the pathway. 4-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase is a [4Fe-4S] cluster and FAD-containing enzyme that catalyzes the elimination of water from 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA by a ketyl radical mechanism to yield crotonyl-CoA [34]. Conversion of the latter into two molecules of acetyl-CoA proceeds via normal P-oxidation steps. Hence, the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle (as illustrated in Figure 3.5) can be divided into two parts. In the first part, acetyl-CoA and two bicarbonate molecules are transformed to succinyl-CoA, while in the second part succinyl-CoA is converted to two acetyl-CoA molecules. 

Matthews, J.M., J.A.M. Holtum, D.R. Liljegren, B. Furness, and S.B. Powles (1990). Cross-resistance to herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). 1. Properties of the herbicide target enzymes acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase and acetolactate synthase. Plant... 

Malonyl-CoA contains a 3-carbon dicarboxylic acid, malonate, bound to Coenzyme A. Malonate is formed from acetyl-CoA by the addition of CO2 using the biotin cofactor of the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase. 

Carlson, C.A., Kim, K.H. 1974. Regulation of hepatic acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 164, 478 189. 

Lee, K.H., Kim, K-H. 1979. Stimulation by epinephrine of in vivo phosphorylation and inactivation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase of rat epididymal adipose tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 254, 1450-1453. 

Mao, J., Seyfert, H-M. 2002. Promoter II of the bovine acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase -alpha-encoding gene is widely expressed and strongly active in different cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1576, 324-329. 

Ponce-Castaneda, M.V., Lopez-Casillas, F., Kim, K-H. 1991. Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase messenger ribonucleic acid metabolism in liver, adipose tissues, and mammary glands during pregnancy and lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 4013 4021. 

Witters, L.A., Moriarity, D., Martin, D.B. 1979 Regulation of hepatic acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase by insulin and glucagon. J. Biol. Chem. 254, 6644-6649. 

Biotin, an essential water-soluble B-complex vitamin, is the coenzyme for four human carboxylases (Fig. 12-2) These include the three mitochondrial enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, which converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate and is the initial step of gluconeogenesis propionyl-CoA carboxylase, which catabolizes several branched-chain amino acids and odd-chain fatty acids and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which is involved in the catabolism of leucine and the principally cytosolic enzyme, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which is responsible for the... 

Aryloxyphenoxypropanoates and cyclohexanediones are two classes of herbicides that control many monocotyledoneous species. Although these herbicides are structurally very different (Fig. 1), there has been some conjecture that they have a similar mode of action because of their similarity in selectivity and symptomology. This paper describes the experiments that led to the discovery that aryloxyphenoxypropanoate and cyclohexanedione herbicides inhibit acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (acetyl-coenzyme A bicarbonate ligase [ATP], EC 6.4.1.2) activity in susceptible species (1). In addition, evidence is presented indicating that the inhibition of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) is well correlated to observed herbicidal activity. Similar, independent findings have recently been reported by two other research groups (2.3). 

SECOR ET AL. Herbicidal Inhibition of Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase 267... 

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