Ryegrass, annual

Ophel, K.M., Bird, A.F. and Kerr, A. (1993) Association of bacteriophage particles with toxin production by Clavibacter toxicus, the causal agent of annual ryegrass toxicity. Phytopathology 83, 676-681. 

Certainly, calculation of the metabolic quotient can reveal trends very different from those of basal respiration. As shown in Fig. 1, for the 7 land uses, trends in basal respiration were broadly similar to those for microbial biomass C and organic C. However, when the metabolic quotient was calculated, trends with land use were very different. Values were greater under sugarcane, maize and to a lesser extent annual ryegrass, than the other treatments. This suggests that the microbial community under these arable land uses is under more stress and/or has a different composition to that under the others. The most likely microbial stress under these land uses is likely to be a shortage of available substrate C. 

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gand.) 2 Distinct groups - condor-derivatives more allelopathic than Pavon-derivatives Tasman, Khapli, Wattines, AUS 12627, Triller, SST 6, AUS 18060, Tunis 2, AUS 18056, Meering No 6 Lankao , No 22 Xiaoyan Wu et al. 2000 Wu et al. 2003 Zuo et al. 2007... 

Bahiagrass Central or South Annual ryegrass Eurasia... 

Lolium rigidumA,t Rigid (or annual) ryegrass 1979 Israel... 

Multiple-resistance is when more than one mechanism conferring resistance to herbicides in different chemical classes is active in an individual weed or population of weeds. Plants with multiple resistance may possess two or more distinct resistance mechanisms. Two grass species that display both cross- and multiple-resistance are rigid (or annual) ryegrass and blackgrass (Hall et al., 1994). 

Christopher, J.T., S.B. Powles, J.A.M. Holtum, and D.R. Liljegren (1991). Cross-resistance to herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigi-dum) II Chlorsulfuron resistance involves a wheat-like detoxification system. Plant Physiol., 100 1036-1043. 

Hawthorn-Jackson, D., C. Preston, and R. Davidson (2004). Farmer perceptions on herbicide resistance and proposed herbicide use to control annual ryegrass in South Australia. 4th International Weed Science Congress, p. 49, S15MT08P00. 

Matthews, J.M. and S.B. Powles (1996). Managing herbicide resistant annual ryegrass, southern Australian research. In Proceedings of the 11th Australian Weed Conference. Melbourne Weed Science Society of Victoria, pp. 537-541. 

Neitschke, B.S., R.S. Llewellyn, T.G. Reeves, J.M. Matthews, and S.B. Powles (1996b). Herbicide resistance in wild oats and annual ryegrass. In Proceedings of the 8th Australian Agronomy Conference. Toowoomba, Melbourne Australian Society of Agronomy, p. 691. 

Powles, S.B. and J.M. Matthews (1992). Multiple herbicide resistance in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) A driving force for the adoption of integrated weed management. In Denholm, I. et al., eds., Achievements and Developments in Combating Resistance, London Elsevier, pp. 75-87. 

Richter, J. and S.B. Powles (1993). Pollen expression of herbicide target site resistance genes in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). Plant Physiol., 102 1037-1041. 

Nurse Crops—Plant species (usually annuals) which germinate quickly and grow rapidly are sometimes planted with a perennial crop to provide competition with weeds and allow the crop to become established. The nurse crop is then harvested or ranoved to allow the perennial crop to take over. For example, oats are sometimes used as a nurse crop to help establish alfalfa or clover. Annual ryegrass is sometimes used in mixtures to provide a nurse crop for perennial rye, fescue, or bluegrass. 

Lolium rigfdum Gaud, annual ryegrass 1988 Australia... 

Lolium riqidum Gaud.J annual ryegrass 1982 Australia... 

Loliu riqiduu Gaud." annual ryegrass 1986 Australia... 

Herbicide Cross-Resistance in Annual Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud)... 

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