ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Different functional groups may be attached to the carbon chain of a carboxylic acid. In this case, the classification of the acid is made according to the functional group. 

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Organic compounds are grouped into families according to the functional groups they contain Two of the most important families are alcohols and alkyl halides Alco hols and alkyl halides are especially useful because they are versatile starting materials for preparing numerous other families Indeed alcohols or alkyl halides—often both— will appear m virtually all of the remaining chapters of this text... 

The suffix indicates the type of compound, according to the functional groups present. (See Table 1.4 on page 22.) As you progress through this chapter, you will learn the suffixes for different chemical families. In your previous chemistry course, you learned the suffixes -one for alkanes, -ene for alkenes, and -yne for alkynes. Thus, an alkane composed of six carbon atoms in a chain is called hexane. An alkene with three carbons is called propene. 

The reagents are arranged according to the functional groups into monoximes (aldoximes, ketoximes and related species. Table SI), ketomonoximes (species not to... 

Organic molecules are classified according to the functional groups they contain, where a functional group is defined as a combination of atoms that behave as a unit. Most functional groups are distinguished by the heteroatoms they contain, and some common groups are listed in Table 12.1. 

Table V is also an index to Table I it classifies the compounds according to the functional groups they contain. One frequently wants to examine data on carbonyl compounds, on unsaturated or halogenated ketones, or another more or less specific class of substances, and the purpose of Table V is to simplify searches of this sort. Pyruvic acid appears in Table V both among the ketones and among the carboxylic acids, and Inspection of either group would quickly reveal any closely related compound that appears in this volume.

Synthetic Organic Chemistry Wagner and Zook Lists reactions according to the functional group being produced. 

Proteases can be subdivided into two major groups exopeptidases cleaving the peptide bond proximal to the amino or carboxy terminal of the substrate, and endopeptidases cleaving distant from the termini (Rao et al., 1998). According to the functional group at the active site, proteases are further classified into four groups serine proteases, aspartyl proteases, cysteine proteases and metalloproteases. Based on the pH optimal for their functioning, proteolytic enzymes can be characterised as alkaline, neutral or acidic proteases. 

The following discussion will be divided into sections according to the functional group situated at the ortho position. 

Table 23.3 lists most of the reactions presented in preceding chapters that are useful in synthesis, including the reactions of Table 23.2. The reactions are grouped according to the functional group that is present in the product, rather than by their mechanisms. Thus, if an alcohol is the synthetic target, consultation of the appropriate section of the table will reveal a variety of methods that can be used to prepare alcohols.

Reactions are classified according to the functional groups that react (e.g., esterifications, hydroxylations, carboxylations, and decarboxylations). 

Macromolecules are haptenated for the preparation of (i) immunogenic hapten-carrier complexes for the production of anti-hapten antibodies (ii) reagents for the detection of haptens by EIA and, (iii) reagents which, in conjunction with anti-hapten antibodies, restrict the specificity or increase the applicability of solid-phase EIA or EIH. The properties required of the hapten-conjugates are quite different for the three different situations. The haptenation procedures will be described according to the functional group of the hapten. 

In fact, several well known models in the literature allow solubilities in water to be estimated reasonably well from a knowledge of log P (and according to the functional groups present). For example, Hansch et al. (1968) has published several linear free energy relationships (LFERs) between molal solubility and log P for various classes of monofunctional molecules. The correlation coefficients for the LFERs (a measure of goodness of fit ) were in the range 0.93-0.99, indicating that solubility estimations, at least for some classes of material, are likely to be relatively accurate. 

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