Acceleration instant

For stand-alone or hybrid TOF mass spectrometry, the ions examined must all start from some point at the same instant. From this zero time, the ions are accelerated through a short region by applying a short pulse of electric potential of several kilovolts. The acceleration gives the ions velocities that vary in proportion to the square root of their m/z values. 

A rotor fails during start-up, possibly due to a lower supply voltage than desired or a smaller accelerating torque than required or reasons leading to similar conditions. In such cases the rotor tails first, due to higher rotor currents and a prolonged acceleration time or a locked rotor. At this instant, unless the motor control gear trips, the stator may also fail due to excessive heat. Instances can be cited where even... 

FOC drives are capable of providing precise speed control and are used for applications calling for high performance and precision (e.g. machine tools, high-speed elevators, mine winders, rolling mills, etc.). These drives are capable of regulating a number of variables at the same instant such as speed, position, acceleration and torque. 

These acids can be used alone or as mixtures. It is especially advantageous to use a mixture of liquid and gaseous acids. The gaseous acid will stabilize free monomer in the headspace of a container, while the liquid acid will prevent premature polymerization of the bulk monomer or adhesive. However, it is important to use only a minimum amount of acid, because excess acid will slow initiation and the formation of a strong adhesive bond. It can also accelerate the hydrolysis of the alkyl cyanoacrylate monomer to 2-cyanoacrylic acid, which inhibits the polymerization of the monomer and reduces molecular weight of the adhesive polymer. While carboxylic acids inhibit the polymerization of cyanoacrylate monomer, they do not prevent it completely [15]. Therefore, they cannot be utilized as stabilizers, but are used more for modifying the reactivity of instant adhesives. 

Most CBD processes start slowly at a specific bath temperature, then accelerate, and eventually slow down again. Nucleation sites appear instantly on the substrates, the moment the solution contacts the substrate. In most cases, it is better to initiate the nucleation sites by inserting the substrate in a metalion solution, instead of a solution mixture containing both cations and anions. When cations and anions are mixed together, the resultant compounds begin to precipitate as soon as the ionic product, also called the solubility product,... 

Things are simple at the instant of immersion of a metal in an electrolytic solution. There is no field and no potential difference across the interface. Reactions (e.g., M+ + e — M) run for a very short while chemically. However, the very occurrence of a charge-transfer reaction across the interface in one direction creates an electric field, a fraction of which puts a brake on the reaction M+ + e — M. The same field, however, has an accelerating effect on the charge-transfer reaction in the opposite direction, M — M+ + e. 

Bone charcoal or activated wood charcoal is a convenient accelerator, combination occurring instantly. If the vessel in which the reaction is carried out is cooled to 30° C., the sulphuryl chloride is condensed and may be drained away as rapidly as it is formed.8 The terpene... 

Thus, for the temperature-dependent electron tunneling reactions, the mismatch of the decay curves for the samples kept at different temperatures all the time can be observed only with large observation time intervals. In contrast to this, the presence or absence of the acceleration of the reaction with the rapid increase in temperature at a certain instant t0 can be easily noticed even with a very short observation time interval. Consequently, the method based on registering the change in kinetics with a jumpwise variation in temperature, is a more sensitive test for the presence or absence of the activation energy for the electron tunneling reaction than the method based on comparing the isothermic kinetic curves. 

The effect of UV radiation on other azides was conducted by Muller and Brous on Na azide (Ref 8), by Garner and Maggs on Ba and Sr azides (Ref 16), by Mott on metallic azides (Ref 17), and by Boldyrev and Skorik on Ag and Ba azides (Ref 144). With Na, Sr and Ba azides, each are decompd by UV light at room temp and the thermal decompn of these materials is accelerated by pre-irradiation. Boldyrev et al found that irradiating Ag azide with UV light or X-rays at the instant of decompn had no effect on the rate of its thermal decompn... 

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