Absorption poisons, prevention

Sargent, J.D., Dalton, M., Demidenko, E., Simon, P., Klein, R.Z., 1999. The association between State housing pohcy and lead poisoning in children. Am. J. Publ. Health 89, 1690—1695. Sobolesky, W.J., 1982. Some problems associated with the environmental phases of a childhood lead poisoning prevention program. In Chisolm, J.J., Jr. O Hara, D.M. (Eds.), Lead Absorption in Children. Management, Clinical, and Environmental Aspects. Urban Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, MD, pp. 135—141. 

Treatment. Treatment of poisoning from soluble barium salts may be preventive or curative (47,51). Preventive treatment involves inhibition of intestinal absorption by administering such soluble sulfates as magnesium or sodium, causing precipitation of barium sulfate in the alimentary tract. 

Extent of removal required by downstream processing will also dictate the choice of process. Complete removal of H2S to prevent poisoning of downstream catalysts may require both a liquid absorption step and a solid-bed trace sulfur removal step, such as zinc oxide. 

Before discussing the actions and effects of specific drugs and poisons, we have to appreciate the physical and chemical processes to which these substances are subjected when introduced into a living organism. The absorption, distribution and storage, biotransformation, and subsequent excretion of a chemical will determine how and where it should be administered, the extent of its overall effects, and how much of the drug should be given (dose) in order to achieve the desired effect. We should all be able to appreciate the concept of side effects and the methods used to alleviate or prevent unwanted side effects. 

Purification of Synthesis Gas. This involves the removal of carbon oxides to prevent poisoning of the NIT3 catalyst. An absorption process is used to remove the bulk of the C02, followed by methanation of the residual carbon oxides in the methanator, Modern ammonia plants use a variety of C02-removal processes with effective absorbent solutions. The principal absorbent solutions currently in use are hot carbonates and cthanolamincs. Other solutions used include methanol, acetone, liquid nitrogen, glycols, and other organic solvents. 

The supportive treatment of aspirin poisoning may include gastric lavage (to prevent the further absorption of salicylate), fluid replenishment (to offset the dehydration and oliguria), alcohol and water sponging (to combat the hyperthermia), the administration of vitamin K (to prevent possible hemorrhage), sodium bicarbonate administration (to combat acidosis) and, in extreme cases, peritoneal dialysis and exchange transfusion. 

The vapor irritates all parts of the respiratory system and may cause unconsciousness. Short exposure may cause pain to the nose and eyes in addition to intense irritation. Poisoning can occur by absorption of acrolein through the skin. Swallowing would cause severe poisoning.4 Avoid breathing vapor. Prevent contact with eyes and skin. TLV-STEL-C 0.1 ppm (0.23 mg/m3).5 LD50 (rat, oral) 0.046 g/kg.1... 

Human carcinogen.1 Vapor irritates eyes and mucous membranes causes dizziness, headache, restlessness, convulsions, excitement, and depression. High concentrations may cause unconsciousness or death from respiratory failure. Swallowing or absorption through the skin results in severe poisoning. Prolonged breathing of vapor may cause severe or even fatal blood disease. Avoid inhalation of vapor. Prevent contact with skin and eyes.17 TLV-TWA 0.5 ppm TLV-STEL 2.5 ppm.18... 

To prevent further absorption of poison from the gut, oral absorbants (activated charcoal), gastric lavage, emesis, and cathartics are used. Chelating agents are... 

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