Absence of low-molecular-weight

Initial rate proportional to the second power of the monomer concentration (second order with respect to the monomer) in the absence of low molecular weight salts Initial rate proportional to the third power of the monomer concentration (third order with respect to the monomer) in the absence of low molecular weight salts... 

Collapse of Charged Networks in the Absence of Low-Molecular Weight Salts... 

X) of an assembly of m rods with length and charge number n (charge density = at small extension X in the absence of low molecular weight... 

At any level, the proteinuria may be nonselective in that it contains the spectrum of molecular sizes. For example, when microalbuminuria is observed in the absence of low molecular weight proteinuria, it may... 

Hanabata et al. have also shown that a narrow molecular weight distribution, particularly in the absence of low-molecular-weight fragments, is beneficial for good image resolution in DNQ/novolac resists. In addition, they proposed the so-called stone wall model of resist dissolution, where low-molecular-weight fragments (the small stones in the wall) can be dissolved out from the bulk of... 

Solution Properties. The aqueous solution behavior of polyampholytes is dictated by coulombic interactions between the basic and acidic residues. Polyampholytes have the ability to exhibit both polyelectrolyte and antipolylelectrolyte behavior in aqueous media. Which type of behavior is exhibited depends on factors such as solution pH, copolymer composition, the relative strengths of the acidic and basic residues, and the presence/absence of low molecular weight electrolyte (239). A feature of polyampholytes—in particular those comprised of weak acidic and basic residues—is the so-called isoelectric point, or lEP. This is simply defined as the solution pH at which the polyampholyte is electrically neutral. Statistical polyampholytes often remain soluble at and around the lEP whereas block polyampholytes tend to be soluble above and below but insoluble at this critical pH. The lEP may be determined either by titration or by measuring the reduced viscosity as a function of pH—the lEP also represents the point at which the polyampholyte chain is in its most compact conformation and thus corresponds to the minimum in reduced viscosity (239,266). With a knowledge of the respective piiLa s and copolymer composition it is also possible to predict the lEP (267). 

Experiments with various surfactant systems [166,170,178] showed that the solubilization rates for solutions of ionic surfactants are generally much lower than those for nonionic surfactants. This can be attributed to the electrostatic repulsion between the micelles and the similarly charged surfactant adsorption monolayer at the oil-water interface. On the other hand, copolymers have been found to form micelles, which solubilize various hydrophobic compounds well, even in the absence of low-molecular-weight surfactants [179-187]. Moreover, appropriately chosen copolymers can act as very efficient promoters of solubilization [160,168-170]. 

Mantaudo and co-workers [149] observed the fast atom bombardment (FAB)-MS method which provides information on all the cyclic oligomers of polysulfides detected by GPC, allowing identification of compounds with a molecular weight up to 1500 Da (i.e., nearly at the cut-off of the magnet used). In the absence of low molecular weight compounds, no significant peaks were observed in their FAB mass spectra. Instead, the FAB spectra of the mixtures extracted from the polymers were found to be very similar to those obtained for the crude polymers [150]. 

---