Abiotic and biotic stresses

Environmental conditions also impact the extent of activity of allelopathic phenolics, with a number of abiotic and biotic stresses probably accentuating their action. Stress may result from pathogens, herbivory, herbicides,... 

Inositols and Their Metabolites in Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses... 

Inositols and their metabolites in abiotic and biotic stress responses 241... 

A wider perspective on inositols and their metabolites in abiotic and biotic stress responses has been documented by Taji, Takahashi and Shinozaki (Chapter 10). Inositol and its metabolites function as both osmolytes and secondary messengers under biotic and abiotic stresses. The accumulation of different osmolytes during osmotic stress is an ubiquitous biochemical mechanism found in different organisms from bacteria, fungi and algae to plants and animals. Plants accumulate many types of inositol derivatives during abiotic... 

Agarwal, P.K., P. Agarwal, M.K. Reddy, and S.K. Sopory. 2006. Role of DREB transcription factors in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants. Plant Cell Rep. 25 1263-1274. Alamillo, J., C. Almoguera, D. Bartels, and J. Jordano. 1995. Constitutive expression of small heat shock proteins in vegetative tissues of the resurrection plant Craterostigma plan-tagineum. Plant Mol. Biol. 29 1093-1099. 

Ali, A.J., J.L. Xu, A.M. Ismail, et al. 2006. Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances in the primary gene pool of rice revealed by a large backcross breeding program. Field Crops Res. 97 66-76. 

Fujita, M., Y. Fujita, Y. Noutoshi, et al. 2006. Crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses a current view from the points of convergence in the stress signaling networks. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 9 436 42. 

An important role of PGR is their involvement in abiotic and biotic stress defense mechanisms. Triazoles like paclobutrazole, propiconazole and tetracona-zole are reported to be stress protectants [36]. Natural PGR are involved in indirect defense mechanisms of plants against herbivores [37]. Jasmonic acid, salicylic acid (Fig. 11.7) and ethylene are part of the signaling pathways of stress defense mechanisms. 

The formation of stilbenes is considered to be a part of the general defense mechanism since they display strong antifungal and antimicrobial activities [3, 4]. In fact, trans-R is found in both grapevine tissue and berries and in cell cultures as the result of both abiotic and biotic stress [5]. Since trans-R is postulated to be involved in the health benefits associated with a moderate consumption of red wine, it is one of the most extensively studied natural products. 

Other notable works focus on volatile organic compoimds (VOC) emitted by trees in tropical forests [COU 09]. VOC emitted by the vegetative parts are known for being involved in diverse physiological functions like pollination, and the defense against abiotic and biotic stress meanwhile, most of the studies have been conducted on model plants, and therefore, the chemical diversity of the VOC at the scale of commimities of species remains unknown. Using an SPME (solid-phase micro-extraction) probe, the... 

Wimalasekara R, Tebartz F, Scherer GFE (2011) Polyamines, polyamine oxidases and nitric oxide in development, abiotic and biotic stresses. Plant Sci 181 593-603... 

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