A peripheral nerves

A peripheral nerve comprises different axons responsible for different modalities. It may contain efferent myelinated motor fibres, efferent unmyelinated autonomic fibres... 

According to Anderson Mehl (Ref 17), TEGDN is very toxic. It acts as a violent poison when ingested by rats or as a peripheral nerve block when selectively applied. Dermal application of 21mmoles/kg of body wt in rabbits causes death in 2 to 3 weeks. In a later study by Anderson et al (Ref 19) the 24 hr intraperitonal... 

A prolonged decrease in the stimulation of the postsy-naptic receptors can result in a functional increase in receptor sensitivity. The best example of this is the denervation supersensitivity seen when a peripheral nerve is severed.7 In this situation, the lack of presynaptic neurotransmitter release results in a compensatory increase in postsynaptic receptor numbers on the muscle cell. Similarly, the loss of the endogenous neurotransmitter dopamine in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson disease can result in supersensitivity of receptors for that neurotransmitter.14 This increased receptor sensitivity becomes problematic because administration of dopaminelike drugs can cause excessive or untoward responses (see Chapter 10).14... 

Efforts should be made to use these drugs sparingly, and to check that their effects have worn off before the patient leaves the operating room. In fact, electric stimulation of a peripheral nerve (e.g., ulnar nerve) can be used to objectively determine if there is residual muscle paralysis.1 The muscles supplied by the nerve must show an appropriate twitch response to a given electric stimulus to insure that the patient has recovered adequately from the neuromuscular blocking drug.20,31... 

PCRA is typically accomplished by inserting a small catheter into the affected site, and then attaching the catheter to some type of pump that enables the patient to self-administer small amounts of medication as needed. For example, a PCA system has been used to deliver local anesthetics such as bupivacaine and ropivacaine into the subacromial space following acromial decompression surgery.3,27 Likewise, PCRA can be used to deliver a local anesthetic to the area around a peripheral nerve (sciatic, popliteal, and so forth), and... 

Figure 30.2. Peripheral nerve. This diagram shows a peripheral nerve in cross section. The nerve contains three bundles (fascicles), with each fascicle containing a mixture of myelinated and unmyelinated axons. (From H. H. Schaumburg et al. Disorders of Peripheral Nerves, F.A. Davis Co., Philadelphia, 1983.)...

Neuralgia is pain felt in the distribution of a peripheral nerve. 

Nerve block means to anaesthetise a region, which may be small or large, by injecting the drug around, not into, the appropriate nerves, usually either a peripheral nerve or a plexus. Nerve block provides its own muscular relaxation as motor fibres are... 

Sanger JR, Matloub HS, Yousif NJ, Komorowski R. Silicone gel infiltration of a peripheral nerve and constrictive neuropathy following rupture of a breast prosthesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992 89(5) 949-52. 

Neuropathic Pain Burning, shooting, and tingling pain resulting from injury to a peripheral nerve treated with anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, and opioid analgesics... 

Lipid signals therefore appear to be transmitted by a peripheral nerve route known to be involved in the transfer of gustatory information to the brain. The nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in the brainstem is the first synaptic relay in the nervous gustatory cascade. Immunohistochemical detection of Fos, the protein encoded by the immediate early gene c-fos, has been successfully used to identify populations of neurons activated by LCFA in the NST (Gaillard et al. 2008). In mice, oral linoleic acid deposition triggers the activation of NST areas known to receive CT and... 

Berry, M., Carlile, J., and Hunter, A., Peripheral nerve explants grafted into the vitreous body of the eye promote the regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons severed in the optic nerve, J. Neurocytol., 25, 147, 1996. 

The first generation of tubular implants for PN repair were made of silicone rubber, which showed some success [68, 69, 72, 145]. Another non-degradable material is poly(acrylonitrile-co-methylacrylate) (PAN-MA). Recently, a peripheral nerve... 

Before it can be unequivocally stated that apnea is caused by a prolonged peripheral neuromuscular block, the existence of such a block should be directly demonstrated by a peripheral nerve stimulator (B5). This is often not done, and therefore in many cases it is not possible to determine the true cause of the apnea, especially when there is some delay in following up the event. 

FK506 is neuroprotective against global and focal ischemia in toxic chemical models and mechanical injury to a peripheral nerve. Its neuroprotective effects against ischemia seem to be dependent upon calcineurin inhibition but are inde-... 

FIGURE 20.24 Schwannoma of a peripheral nerve in the brachial plexus of a young man. (A) Type IV collagen-positive basement membranes surround each tumor cell in compact Antoni A tissue. Darker brown vessel in corner of figure has more collagen. (B) Nuclei and cytoplasm are abundantly immunoreactive for S-100 protein, but vessel in corner is not. 

The presence of a noninvasive tumor next to a peripheral nerve suggests the diagnosis of schwannoma. Vero-cay bodies are more distinctive of schwannomas than the Antoni A and Antoni B patterns but are not seen in all schwannomas. 

The vibration sensation test is purported to be a quantitative measure of perception of a vibrating stimulus. It is used to see if a person can volitionally tell the examiner when a stimulus is first perceived. It is intended to reveal impairment in the ability of a peripheral nerve to conduct an impulse. If the subject has a high threshold for this test, it is suggested by the amount of time the subject requires for acknowledging his/her perception of the stimulus. This testis subject to embellishment by the examinee and to observer bias by the test administrator. Such impairments detected on screening tests such as this must be correlated with other more objective tests for evidence of peripheral neuropathy such as nerve conduction velocities, tendon reflex responses, and patterns of sensory loss detected by pin prick perception. 

Succinylcholine, a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (0.3 to 1.1 mg/kg IV over 10 to 30 seconds), is used to induce skeletal muscle relaxation to facilitate intubation, ventilation, or orthopedic manipulations and to lessen muscular contraction in convulsions induced by physicians. A peripheral nerve stimulator may be used to monitor effects and degree of blockade. 

Kuffler, D.P. (1986) Isolated satellite cells of a peripheral nerve direct the growth of regenerating frog axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 249 57-64. 

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