A Little History

However, it appears that the concept describing how the scattering from an antenna is made up of two components was presented for the first time in an OSU report by McEntee [39]. He clearly recognized that the scattering (reradiation) is coming from the mismatch between antenna and load impedance(s) (the antenna mode), and, in addition, a scattering component comes from somewhere else associated with the antenna (the residual or structural component). He did not actually call these components by these names. Apparently that came later. All 

However, there were other important contributions. Hansen discussed the relationship between antennas as scatterers and as radiators [40]. Garbacz discussed measurement techniques [41], and so did Appel-Hansen [42], Wang et al. [43] and King [44]. Several oral papers about measurements were presented by Heidrich and Wiesbeck [45-48], culminating with the dissertation by Heidrich [49]. 

When studying the migration of productivity, quality, and delivery performance over time, we find that this migration was often driven by two key factors  

Reinventing Lean - Introducing Lean Management into the Suprply Chain 

Resources Planning, which integrated all the information systems in an organization and looked at the enterprise, not just the manufacturing plant). Similarly, for distribution we have DRP (Distribution Requirements Planning). The focus was always internal, searching for improvements within the organization. 

The 1980s demonstrated a fascination for substitute production planning philosophies such as JIT (Just in Time) from Japan or TOC (Theory of Constraints—initially called OPT or Optimized Production Technology) from Israel. These systems pulled some of the focus away from labor and shifted it toward materials and machine efficiency. But the direction of the focus was still internal. These new systems were simply adopted under the ERP wing and treated as subsets of the ERP planning and scheduling environment. 

As significant as this new external supply chain perspective was, it failed to create harmony between the partners. Instead, a jockeying for power occurred, during which a financial kingpin in the supply chain attempted to control the entire supply chain. At times, as in the case of General Motors or Ford, we find that it is the manufacturer who tries to control and drive the performance of the supply chain. At other times, as in the case of Wal-Mart, we find that it is the retailer that controls the supply chain. 

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We shall begin with a little history, and then move to a discussion of cancer statistics and the causes of cancer, and then provide some background on cancer biology and the mechanisms of tumor development. Some of the general characteristics of chemical carcinogens will also be covered. The methods for identifying chemical carcinogens are the subject of Chapter 6. How their risks are estimated is left to later chapters. 

So far, I have referred only to normal-phase separations on polar columns. However, around 80% of the separations in the literature are made on reversed-phase columns. To understand these terms, we need a little history. 

First, a little history An all-electric car has long sounded logical to many people. GM launched the EV1, an all-electric vehicle, in 1996. Unfortunately, the car was a complete flop, and the 1-billion project was abandoned in 1999. In 2002, Ford announced that it would give up on the Think, an electric car model in which it had invested 123 million. These efforts were an attempt to satisfy government demands, not an attempt to fill early consumer needs. 

In the previous Sections we have made considerable use of the freeon exchange Hamiltonian. In this Section we give a little history of this concept. 

To paint a broader picture of the American refining situation, a little history is in order. In 1981, there were 325 refineries in the U.S., with a combined capacity of 18.6 million barrels per day. More than one-half of these refineries have been closed due to historically low profit margins and the vast investments that would have been needed for them to meet evolving environmental standards. While the number of refineries has dwindled, the capacity of remaining refineries has been steadily enhanced at great investment. Nonetheless, America is depending to some extent on imported refined products in order to survive. 

Joe Schwarcz tells it like it is. Whether he s plumbing the mysteries of chicken soup or tracing the development of polyethylene, Schwarcz takes a little history, adds a dash of chemistry, and produces a gem of an essay every time. I wish he d been my chemistry professor when I was in school. ... 

These two constraints require that the confidence limits be found when the standard deviation in the population mean is unknown. This is where the Student s t-statistics have a role to play Who was Student Anderson has introduced a little history (9) ... 

The reading of a little history is an excellent backup to the usual literature searches that form part of any projected experimental investigation. An old idea or observation can sometimes trigger a new line of thought. 

The subtitle above is full of acronyms A little history will help explain why for some years to come you ll need to be familiar with all of these. 

With such thoughts in mind, I have tried my hand at a little history of biochemistry and have chosen lactic acid as a theme. Ochoa himself has contributed much to this subject. Some of his early work was on enzymatic lactate formation in heart muscle and brain and on the role of DPN and diphosphothiamin as coenzymes, all published between 1937 and 1942. 

Independent Contractors Working for the Mine Operator As explained in Chapter 7, the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 ( Mine Act ) makes the operator responsible for all safety and health responsibilities and compliance obUgations at a mine. Who is a mine operator thus becomes the critical inquiry. Under the Mine Act today, the operator is defined to mean any owner, lessee, or other person who operates, controls, or supervises a coal or other mine or any independent contractor performing services or construction at such a mine (30USC 802(d)(1994). To fuUy understand the law in this area, a little history is a must (See Vish et al. 1989 Hardy and McCambley 1997). 

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