Wrought Materials

Nickel is usually alloyed with elements including copper, chromium, molybdenum and then for strengthening and to improve corrosion resistance for specific applications. Nickel-copper alloys (and copper-nickel alloys see Section 53.5.4) are widely used for handling water. Pumps and valve bodies for fresh water, seawater and mildly acidic alkaline conditions are made from cast Ni-30% Cu type alloys. The wrought material is used for shafts and stems. In seawater contaminated with sulfide, these alloys are subject to pitting and corrosion fatigue. Ammonia contamination creates corrosion problems as for commercially pure nickel. 

Pressure containing casings made of wrought materials or combinations of wrought and cast materials shall conform to the conditions specified in 2.11.3.4.1 through 2.11.3.4.4. These requirements do not apply to casing nozzles and auxiliary connections (see 2.3.2 and 2.3.3). 

When radiographic, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, or hquid penetrant inspection of welds or materials is required or specified, the criteria in 4.2.2.2 through 4.2.2.5 shall apply unless other criteria are specified by the purchaser. Cast iron may be inspected in accordance with 4.2.2.4 and 4.2.2.5. Welds, cast steel, and wrought material may be inspected in accordance with 4.2.2.2 through 4.2.2.5... 

Lane, M.J. "Investment Cast Superalloys Challenge Wrought Material." Advanced Materials [Pg.303]

Wrought materials can also be used up to 815°C ASME SA 479 Grade 316H with a carbon content between 0.04% and 10%. Alternatives are ... 

Although no known material will stand up to cavitation, some will last longer than others. The best overall selection for cavitation resistance is Stellite 6B (28% chromium, 4% tungsten, 1% carbon, 67% cobalt). This is a wrought material and can be welded to form valve trims in sizes up to 3 inches (75 mm). Stellite 6 is used for hard-facing of trims and has the same chemical composition but less impact resistance. Correspondingly, the cost of Stellite 6 is lower than the cost of Stellite 6B. 

Fillet cracks in bolts Service Ferrous and nonferrous wrought material Ultrasonics, liquid penetrant method Magnetic particle method for ferrous samples... 

Wrought materials are produced by extrusion, rolling and press forging in the temperature range of 300-500°C. Wrought alloys are of two types, namely those containing zirconium and those devoid of zirconium. The typical composition and mechanical properties are noted in Table 4.68. 

PM steel-processing techniques have not been used for the fabrication of structural parts or critical components because, as stated previously, the properties of sintered steel parts have not approached the mechanical properties or reliability of wrought materials. The reason for this is attributed to residual porosity and chemical inhomogeneity inherent in pressed and sintered blended metal powders... 

Results of the forging study on the selected 4640 composition have shown that PM forgings were competitive with wrought materials from a property standpoint. Tensile and yield strength were density dependent and comparable to wrought materials in the range of 98 per cent or higher density. Ductility and impact properties were very sensitive to minor amounts of residual porosity... 

Note API 600 requires stems to be of wrought material with a minimum hardness of 200 BrineU. 

The mechanical properties of the parts, such as hardness, yield strength, and tension strength, reach almost the values achieved with wrought materials and nonadditive processes. 

Non-AM processes work with a large range of wrought materials that are selected according to the desired part properties (product-oriented material selection). 

Cast aluminum alloys have a designation similar to that of the wrought materials. They are normally identified as 2xx.O, 3xx.0,4xx.0, 5xx.O, etc. 

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