With older group numbers

The group of patients receiving radiotherapy may be enriched for an older patient population or those with a higher number of significant comorbidities, as these patients may have been selected for nonsurgical treatment options by their urologist. 

Formation of carbonyl groups causes a decrease in amino group number in protein molecules. Therfore the loss in amino group content is also used as a measure of oxidative protein modification marker. The protein amino group quantitation is most commonly performed employing the fluorescamine assay. Fluorescamine reacts with primary amines to form a fluorescent product (excitation wavelength 390 nm emission at 440-500 nm) (R9). Older methods, such as employing trini-trobenzenesulfonate (H2), are less sensitive and more troublesome. 

The older Boc protocol has largely been superceded by the Fmoc protocol, which has several relevant advantages over it. The use of milder deprotection conditions for the Fmoc group and its complete orthogonality with a large number of side-chain... 

Volume 18 is the final volume of Inorganic Reactions and Methods, completing the series. We have retained the format, style and nomenclature for consistency. Thus, the current group numbering (1-18) has not been used, but the older I-VIII with A and B was retained. The periodic table used is provided on the back inside cover to avoid confusion. Volume 18 provides one of the applications of inorganic reactions, the formation of ceramic materials. The formation of ceramics is an old area that has important new applications highlighted in this volume. The authors of this volume have shown exemplary patience and cooperation - thank you A special thank you to Mary Atwood for her efforts in bringing this volume to completion. 

The stmcture of vitamin A [11103-57-4] and some of the important derivatives are shown in Figure 1. The parent stmcture is aH-Zra/ j -retinol [68-26-8] and its lUPAC name is (all-E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-l-cyclohexen-l-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-l-ol (1). The numbering system for vitamin A derivatives parallels the system used for the carotenoids. In older Hterature, vitamin A compounds are named as derivatives of trimethyl cyclohexene and the side chain is named as a substituent. For retinoic acid derivatives, the carboxyl group is denoted as C-1 and the trimethyl cyclohexane ring as a substituent on C-9. The stmctures of vitamin A and -carotene were elucidated by Karrer in 1930 and several derivatives of the vitamin were prepared by this group (5,6). In 1935, Wald isolated a substance found in the visual pigments of the eye and was able to show that this material was identical with Karrer s retinaldehyde [116-31-4] (5) (7). 

Ketones are named by replacing the terminal -e of the corresponding alkane name with -one. The parent chain is the longest one that contains the ketone group, and the numbering begins at the end nearer the carbonyl carbon. As with alkenes (Section 6.3) and alcohols (Section 17.1), the locant is placed before the parent name in older rules but before the suffix in newer IUPAC recommendations. For example ... 

The sulfur-rich oxides S 0 and S 02 belong to the group of so-called lower oxides of sulfur named after the low oxidation state of the sulfur atom(s) compared to the best known oxide SO2 in which the sulfur is in the oxidation state +4. Sulfur monoxide SO is also a member of this class but is not subject of this review. The blue-green material of composition S2O3 described in the older literature has long been shown to be a mixture of salts with the cations S4 and Ss and polysulfate anions rather than a sulfur oxide [1,2]. Reliable reviews on the complex chemistry of the lower sulfur oxides have been published before [1, 3-6]. The present review deals with those sulfur oxides which contain at least one sulfur-sulfur bond and not more than two oxygen atoms. These species are important intermediates in a number of redox reactions of elemental sulfur and other sulfur compounds. 

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