Wind Cave

Pisarowicz, Jim. Speleothems. Wind Cave National Park. National Park Service. Available online. URL http //www.nps. gov/archive/wica/Speleothems.htm. Accessed Dec. 17, 2006. 

Millen, T. M. and Dickey, D. N., 1987, a stable isotopic investigation of waters and speleothems in Wind Cave, South Dakota an application of speleothem isotope paleothermometry, Nat. Speleol. Soc. Bull. 49 10-12. 

Roofs are a basic element of shelter from inclement weather. Natural or hewn caves, including those of snow or ice, ate early evidence of human endeavors for protection from the cold, wind, rain, and sun. Nomadic people, before the benefits of agriculture had been discovered and housing schemes developed, depended on the availabiUty of natural materials to constmct shelters. Portable shelters, eg, tents, probably appeared early in history. Later, more permanent stmctures were developed from stone and brick. SaUent features depended strongly on the avadabihty of natural materials. The Babylonians used mud to form bricks and tiles that could be bonded with mortars or natural bitumen. Ancient buildings in Egypt were characterized by massive walls of stone and closely spaced columns that carried stone lintels to support a flat roof, often made of stone slabs. 

CO has always been a part of the imiverse. However, atmospheric CO has increased over time. When volcanoes erupted, continents collided, and winds embraced the trees sparking fires millions of years ago, all this contributed to the stock of CO. However, when CO first made a significant presence in the air we breathe, humans lived in the open. A very long time must have passed by before humans inhabited caves or built enclosures for protection from the effects of the weather or the tyranny of predators. In the process, however, humankind invited the unwanted guest -carbon monoxide, the silent killer. So where there is smoke, there is not only fire but also CO in terms of human cost, the latter is more dangerous than the former. Yet it must have taken several thousands of years to tame the fire, and over those years CO has claimed many innocent victims who went to sleep after a hearty meal never to wake up. The knowledge of these mysterious events has been unraveled over time. 

Substantial transport of wind-blown dust has occurred during the arid phases that have periodically characterised the climate of southern Australia in the Quaternary (Bowler, 1976, 1982 Colhoun, 1991). The palaeomagnetic minimum age for the "red earths" in the cave at Buchan suggests that these wind-blown sediments record a period of aridity older than 780 ka. Although the most intense periods of aridity in southern Australia occurred during the last 700 000 years (Bowler, 1982), seasonal aridity became established at about 6 Ma, and progressive desiccation was well advanced by 2.5 Ma (Bowler, 1976). In central Australia the onset of arid-zone aeolian facies may have been at around 1.1 Ma (Chen and Barton, 1991). Thus the "red earths" at Buchan appear to record the early imprint of these climatic changes on southern Australia, probably in the early Pleistocene. 

The red clays and silts in the upper level of the cave probably represent wind-blown material washed into the cave from the ground surface. They presumably represent the effects of one of the major periods of aridity that affected the landscape of southeastern Australia in the early Pleistocene, prior to 780 ka. 

Luiszer, F.G., 1987, Genesis of Cave of the Winds, Manitou Springs, Colorado [PhD. thesis], Boulder, University of Colorado, 137 p. 

R gets up and lights a candle. He talks seriously between sets. He perceives the attack of bad people, which has the effect of putting a stop to vision and one feels one cannot sing more. These bad people are envious. They believe that I am bringing a lot of money to the family or that I am getting gold out of caves for them. C says they consciously send mal aire (bad air, also referred to as viento, wind). 

Vertical threads tend to be less well developed outside the cave, because of the presence of leaves, branches, and wind. Larvae have to react quickly to the presence of prey and move freely and rapidly on the strings of silk, capable of 180° turnabouts. A larva must possess sensitive mechanoreceptors allowing it not only to sense that prey has been caught, but also to identify which of the vertical strands it has to descend (or haul in). It is known that chemoreception is also involved in accepting a prey item. ... 

Our early ancestors used mud, clay, snow, and other natural materials to keep vermin, wind, and inclement weather out of their dens, warrens, caves, and other... 

For the 2303 fully mechanized caving face with W two ventilation system into a back. Two different air volume of goaf air leakage into the wind lane, stress field distribution, the oxygen concentration... 

Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 show the gas concentration distribution in roof-fall area under the wind velocity of 4 m/s. It can be concluded that the gas concentration in roof-fall area has basically no different under speed of 4 m/s from that of 2.03 m/s (showen in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). The gas layer in roof-fall area at 380 m top-caving is thicker than that of 720 m top-caving.

U, Actual wind U,2 First caving speed(m/s) (enhancing I risk level when it appearing)... 

Fig. 16.13 The ice caves in the Erebus Glacier Tongue are a target for exploration by geologists on their way to Cape Royds. The caves also provide shelter for travelers who may be exposed to a sudden wind storm. The ceiling of the ice cave supports long...

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