Wieman, Carl

Wieman Carl E., 35 Wigner Eugene Paul, 146, 259, 260, 516, 647, 656, e44 Wilk Leslie, 689 Wilson Steven, 431 Wimmer Erich, 706, 716 Wirtinger Wilhelm, 78 Witkowski Andrzej, 273 Witmer Enos E., 592 Wloch Marta, 657 Wozniak Krzysztof, 648 Woznicki Wieslaw, 588 Wojciechowski Walter, 650 Wohnski Krzysztof, 648... 

Seventy years later, in 1995, two scientists at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman, created the first known BEC in a laboratory using light and magnets. 

Satyendranath Bose, 1924 Albert Einstein, 1925 Eric A. Cornell and Carl E. Wieman, 1995 Daniel Kleppner and Tom Greytak, 1998... 

Over two hundred years ago the work of Charles and Gay-Lussac led to the suspicion that an absolute low temperature exists for matter. In recent years scientists have come very close to cooling matter to 0 K. The latest low-temperature record was achieved at the University of Colorado in Boulder when a team of scientists led by Carl Wieman reported that they had cooled a sample containing 2 X 107 cesium atoms to 1.1 X 10-6 K, about one-millionth of a degree above absolute zero. This record-low temperature was achieved by a technique known as laser cooling, in which a laser beam is directed against a beam of individual atoms, dramatically slowing the movement of the... 

Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman 1948 Patrick M.S. Blackett... 

This was carried out by Eric A. ComelL Carl E. Wieman. and Wotfgang Ketterle (who received the Nobel Prize in 2001 for discovering a new state of matted ). In the Bose condraisate, the bosons (alkali metal atoms) are in the same place in a peculiar sense. The total wave function for the bosons was, to a first approximation, a product of identical nodefess wave functions for the particular bosons (this ensures proper symmetry). Each of the wave functions extends considerably in space (the Bose condraisate is as large as a fraction of a millimetre), but all have been centered in the same point in space. 

McGraw-HiQ Higher Education, Inc./Ken Karp, Ibotographcr p. 210 Carl E. Wieman/ Univesity of Colcrado, Boulder p. 227 (both) Roge Ressmeyet/Corbis. 

The development of techniques for cooling and trapping of atoms has led to great advances in physics, which have already been recognized by two Nobel prizes. In 1997 the prize was jointly awarded to Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and William D. Phillips for their developments of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light [1-3]. In 2001, Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, and Carl E. Wieman jointly received the Nobel prize for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates [4,5]. 

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