White matter change

Davis, K. L., Stewart, D. G., Friedman, J. I. etal. White matter changes in schizophrenia evidence for myelin-related dysfunction. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60 443-456,2003. 

There is a higher frequency of cognitive Impairment, cerebral atrophy, white matter changes. 

Fig. 9.6a-f. Periventricular white matter changes (FLAIR images), a Small caps around the frontal horns of lateral ventricles, b Large caps, c Extending caps, d Thin lining along the bodies of the lateral ventricles, e Smooth halo, f Irregular halo... 

Fig. 9.7a-f. White matter changes in regions other than the periventricular area (FLAIR images), a Multiple small focal lesions, b Multiple large focal lesions, c Multiple focal confluent lesions, d Diffusely confluent lesions irregular in shape. e,f Extensive... 

Focal confluent lesions 11-25 mm, various shapes, may have irregular borders Diffusely confluent lesions >25 mm, mostly with irregular borders Extensive white matter change diffuse hyperintensity without focal lesions... 

Yue NC, Arnold AM, Longstreth WT Jr, Elster AD, Jungreis CA, O Leary DH, Poirier VC, Bryan RN (1997) Sulcal, ventricular, and white matter changes at MR imaging in the aging brain data from the cardiovascular health study. Radiology 202 33-39... 

Scheltens P, Erkinjunti T, Leys D, Wahlund LO, Inzitari D, del Ser T, Pasquier F, Barkhof F, Mantyla R, Bowler J, Wallin A, Ghika J, Fazekas F, Pantoni L (1998) White matter changes on CT and MRI an overview of visual rating scales. European Task Force on Age-Related White Matter Changes. Eur Neurol 39 80-89... 

Davis KL, Stewart DG, Friedman JI, Buchsbaum M, Harvey PD, et al. 2003. White matter changes in schizophrenia Evidence for myelin-related dysfunction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60 443-456. 

Large vessel strokes Extensive white matter changes... 

Silent infarcts, white matter changes and microbleeds... 

Severity of white matter change, brain atrophy and the presence of infarction are associated with decline in information-processing speed and executive function (Prins et al. 2005). Presence of subcortical hyperintensities is associated with cognitive impairment following clinical stroke secondary to lacunar infarction (Mok et al. 2005 Grau-Olivares et al. 2007). 

The neuropathology of white matter changes seen on brain imaging is variable and includes partial neuronal loss, axonal loss, demyelination and gliosis (Jagust et al. 2008). The mechanisms underlying such changes are uncertain but there are associations with age. 

Loevner LA, Shapiro RM, Grossman RI, Overhauser J, Kamholz J 1996 White matter changes associated with deletions of the long arm of chromosome 18 a dysmyelinating disorder Am J Neuroradiol 17 1843—1848... 

Xiong L, Matthes JD, LiJ, et al MR imaging of spray heads toluene abuse via aerosol paint inhalation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 14 1195-1199,1993 Yamanouchi N, Okada S, Kodama K, et al White matter changes caused by chronic solvent abuse. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16 1643-1649, 1995 Zvosec DL, Smith SW, McCutcheon JR, et al Adverse events, including death, associated with the use of 1,4-butanediol. New Engl J Med 344 87-94, 2001... 

Rosenberg NL, Kleinschmidt-Demasters BK, Davis KA, etal Toluene abuse causes diffuse central nervous system white matter changes. Ann Neurol 23 611-614, 1988a... 

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