Western Learning

This manuscript illustration dates from 1237, when Western learning lived only in a few monasteries. 

In 1877, while Sakurai was in London, Tokyo University was created out of the School of Western Learning at which Sakurai had studied, as well as the School of Medicine. The new university comprised the faculties of law, science, literature, and medicine. In the same year Kuhara Mitsuru (1856-1919), Takasu Rokuro, and Miyazaki Michimasa (1852-1909), three students who had finished a chemistry course at the School of Western Learning that year, were considered to be the first graduates of the Department of Chemistry at the newly established Tokyo University. 

Once this junction between the theory and the observed facts had been established, the subsequent work of fitting a number of known nonlinear phenomena into the framework of the theory of Poincar6 proceeded with an extraordinary rapidity in this initial stage (1929-1937) the work was done almost exclusively in the USSR. The western countries learned about this progress shortly before the beginning of the war, when two fundamental treatises on this subject, one by Andronov and Chaikin,4 and the other by Krylov and Bogoliubov,5 became available. After this, the work proceeded on an international scale. 

Through time, human civilizations have repeatedly made the same critical error the excessive exploitation of forest resources or the failure to practice forestry on a sustainable basis. The earliest recorded cases of excessive deforestation occurred approximately 5,000 B.P. in the very cradle of western civilization, Mesopotamia 19), Since that period, abusive levels of forest exploitation have severely degraded or caused the complete disappearance of forests in regions of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and the Americas. Truly, the negative consequences of excessive levels of deforestation is a lesson that has been learned by few civilizations. 

Case study 3.7 illustrates a cross-cultural pilot mentoring scheme set in a Western company located in Borneo. It is interesting to note that this type of mentoring may be both more difficult as well as different to other programs. For instance, due to cultural variations, Malay mentees were not so comfortable with the focus on self-managed learning within developmental mentoring - mentors were expected to be much more proactive than in a European environment. 

Ladhams Zieba, M. (2004). Teaching and learning about reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry. PhD thesis. University of Western Australia, http //theses.library.uwa.edu.au/ adt-WU2005.0035/ (accessed October 2007). 

Chitdeborough, G. D., Treagust, D. E, Mocerino, M. (2002, Eebruaiy 2002). Constraints to the development of first year university chemistry students mental models of chemical phenomena. Presented at the 11th Annual Teaching and Learning Eorum for Western Australian Universities, Edith Cowan University, Australia. 

Classic study by noted scholar ranges over 2000 years of alchemical history ancient Greek and Chinese alchemy, alchemical apparatus, Islamic and early Western alchemy signs, symbols, and secret terms Paracelsus, English and Scottish alchemists, and more. Erudite, learned coverage of philosophical, religious, mystical overtones replacement of alchemy by scientific method, much more"... 

By Avicenna s time, around 1000, the Arab Empire was in decline from both internal and external forces. Factions of the Islamic faith battled one another. A general intolerance of science pervaded Arab culture, and scientists were not free to publish their ideas. Christian Crusaders from the West and Mongol invaders from the East exerted pressure on the Arabic world. As traditional Arab regions were recaptured by Europeans, the classical knowledge that had been preserved and advanced by the Arabs influenced European thinking. Major Arab learning centers, such as Toledo in Spain, provided works to rekindle European science. From the twelfth century, major advances in the chemical arts shifted from Arab lands to western Europe. 

On astrology and learned medicine see Chapman, Astrological Medicine , 283—6 Dunn, Status of Astrology , 37—41,45 S. ].TQstQTy A History of Western Astrology 1987), 242. 

Jativa-M, the enigmatic species ceremoniously employed by the Mazatec Indians of Oaxaca, Mexico. The western world first learned of this salvia, or sage, in 1962, when Epling and J tiva-M described the entity from specimens given to them by Albert Hofmann and Gordon Wasson (Wasson 1962 Hofmann 1980), naming it 5. divinorum... 

Macoun, Robert J., and Peter Reuter. Drug War Heresies Learning from Other Vices, Times, ir Places. New York Cambridge University Press, 2001. The authors present an objective, historical, and data-driven analysis of many aspects of drug use and drug control policy. They compare the current punitive / prohibitionist approach in the United States to the less punitive, harm reduction-oriented policies of western European nations. Many factors and gradations of policies are explored, with detailed discussion of effects and tradeoffs. 

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