Western Base Section

The Eastern, Western, Southern, and Northern Ireland Base Sections were organized by SOS ETO on 20 July 1942, but only with skeleton staffing. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, I, 84-83. 

Zinc in contact with wood Zinc is not generally affected by contact with seasoned wood, but oak and, more particularly, western red cedar can prove corrosive, and waters from these timbers should not drain onto zinc surfaces. Exudations from knots in unseasoned soft woods can also affect zinc while the timber is drying out. Care should be exercised when using zinc or galvanised steel in contact with preservative or fire-retardant-treated timber. Solvent-based preservatives are normally not corrosive to zinc but water-based preservatives, such as salt formulated copper-chrome-arsenic (CCA), can accelerate the rate of corrosion of zinc under moist conditions. Such preservatives are formulated from copper sulphate and sodium dichromate and when the copper chromium and arsenic are absorbed into the timber sodium sulphate remains free and under moist conditions provides an electrolyte for corrosion of the zinc. Flame retardants are frequently based on halogens which are hygroscopic and can be aggressive to zinc (see also Section 18.10). 

In the Atlantic, deep water anomalies in 3He were found to be considerably less than in the Pacific, in accord with the conclusions based on total saturation anomalies (Section 4.3), but nevertheless quite definitely present in a characteristic level <5 He = 5% (Jenkins et al., 1972). Albeit at a lower level than in the Pacific, the deep Atlantic 3He excesses also show considerable structure in a detailed study of the western Atlantic, Jenkins, and Clarke (1976) observed a maximum <53He of 13% and identified a localized source in the Gibbs Fracture Zone southwest of Iceland. To the south (at about 30°N), a section across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge shows no perceptible influence of the ridge itself on <53He (Lupton, 1976), a result in marked contrast to the comparable data for the East Pacific Rise (Figure 4.4). 

The Geochemical Ocean Section Program (GEOSECS) has produced data from which it is possible to profile the saturation state of seawater with respect to calcite and aragonite in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Representative north-south calcite saturation profiles for the Western Atlantic and Central Pacific oceans are presented in Figures 5 and 6 (based on 39). It was observed that the saturation state of seawater with respect to calcite at the CCD was close to constant ( 2 = 0.70 I" 0,05) except in the southern extremes (39). Broecker and Takahashi (31) have recently found that the carbonate ion concentration is close to constant at the FL, when appropriate corrections are made for pressure. The saturation state of seawater at the FL, calculated by the method presented in this paper, is 0.80 0.05. Berger (40) has presented profiles for Rq, FL, CCD and CSL (calcite saturation level) in the eastern and western Atlantic ocean (see... 

Figures 15-17 show how this composition compares to other estimates of crust composition. Figure 15 shows that our new composition has generally higher MgO, CaO, and FeO, and lower Na20 and K2O than most other seismically based models. The differences between our model and that of Wedepohl (1995) and Gao et al. (1998a) likely reflect the regional character of these latter models (western Europe, eastern China), where the crust is thinner and more evolved than the global averages (Chirstensen and Mooney, 1995, and Rudnick and Fountain, 1995). The lower MgO and higher alkali elements in Christensen and Mooney s model compared to ours must stem from the differences in the chemical databases used to construct these two models, as the lithological proportions of the deep crust are very similar (Section 3.01.3).

Anoxia was certainly a characteristic of the Late Devonian, but in the western US, based on geochemical proxies, anoxia ended 6 m below ( 100kyr before) the major F-F extinction. Bratton et al. (1999) discuss the possibility that this was a local phenomenon and that anoxia persisted through the F-F boundary elsewhere, but favor the alternative hypothesis that other sections suffered depositional hiatus or erosion of the latest Frasnian sediments. A positive excursion (in both carbonate and organic carbon) began in the Frasnian but continued well into the Famennian (Wang et al., 1996). A positive pyrite sulfur isotope excursion also occurred at this time. If these excursions indicate enhanced organic carbon and pyrite sulfur burial under widespread anoxic conditions, then it would seem that such conditions persisted well beyond the F-F boundary extinction. 

Marcus model and diabatic states make more immediate (even if not strictly necessary) the introduction of the dynamical solvent coordinate, of which in Section 5.2 we have given a definition based on parameters of the continuum model, but other definitions are possible. Actually, the Russian school used this concept without giving formal definitions, at the best of our knowledge (several papers have been published in relatively minor Russian journals, with limited circulation in western countries in those years), and basing it on a description of the solvent as a continuum or a set of os-... 

Applied to the Michigan Basin in east-west cross section, the "lower black" shale (A) represents the Antrim Shale of western Michigan and that part of the eastern Antrim Shale identified by Subunits 1A, IB, 1C and 2. The "green-gray" facies (C) is the Ellsworth Shale, and the "upper black" (B) is represented by all Antrim Shale above Unit 2 and below the base of the Bedford Shale. The uniformity of the lower beds of the Antrim Shale has been noted by several others (20, 23), and a westward source for the Ellsworth has been postulated by several (20, 23-25) Nevertheless, the westward source seems more applicable to those beds above the western Antrim Shale, i.e., above the beds termed "lower black" in this paper. 

Fig. 1 Salinity (ppt) distribution in summer, typical for the predesiccation Aral Sea. Longitudinal vertical section through the western deep basin, along the track shown by the dashed line in Fig. 2. The figure is drawn based on the data presented in [4] and [5]...

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