Wedge formation

In an antifriction bearing there are two oil wedge formations due to the three-unit construction of the bearing. 

Figure 8 summarises where and how the four types of wear particles are produced. Types 2, 3 and 4 correspond to three modes of abrasive wear processes, i.e. ploughing, wedge formation, and cutting [9]. l pe 1 is distinctive of repeated contact of two asperities. Because practical sliding systems inherently suffer from multi-asperity contact, mechanisms involved in this wear mode may be very important. 

The scratch behaviors observed in the most common plastics were classified into three modes, i.e. ploughing, wedge formation, and cutting modes. However, the mechanisms of such scratch modes and the correlation between fundamental mechanical properties and scratch behaviors is not well understood yet. 

The crack in the bank grows toward both the surface and the inside of the bank. When the crack arrests in this stage, it would be classified as the wedge formation mode. 

The formation of a bank and cracking on the scratched surface appeared in ploughing, wedge formation and cutting modes. 

The cutting mode includes the behaviors occurring in the ploughing and the wedge formation modes. 

In order to supplement micro-mechanical investigations and advance knowledge of the fracture process, micro-mechanical measurements in the deformation zone are required to determine local stresses and strains. In TPs, craze zones can develop that are important microscopic features around a crack tip governing strength behavior. For certain plastics fracture is preceded by the formation of a craze zone that is a wedge shaped region spanned by oriented micro-fibrils. Methods of craze zone measurements include optical emission spectroscopy, diffraction... 

Surfactants employed for w/o-ME formation, listed in Table 1, are more lipophilic than those employed in aqueous systems, e.g., for micelles or oil-in-water emulsions, having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of around 8-11 [4-40]. The most commonly employed surfactant for w/o-ME formation is Aerosol-OT, or AOT [sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate], containing an anionic sulfonate headgroup and two hydrocarbon tails. Common cationic surfactants, such as cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and trioctylmethyl ammonium bromide (TOMAC), have also fulfilled this purpose however, cosurfactants (e.g., fatty alcohols, such as 1-butanol or 1-octanol) must be added for a monophasic w/o-ME (Winsor IV) system to occur. Nonionic and mixed ionic-nonionic surfactant systems have received a great deal of attention recently because they are more biocompatible and they promote less inactivation of biomolecules compared to ionic surfactants. Surfactants with two or more hydrophobic tail groups of different lengths frequently form w/o-MEs more readily than one-tailed surfactants without the requirement of cosurfactant, perhaps because of their wedge-shaped molecular structure [17,41]. 

Figure 1 shows a microphotograph of tracks produced by radon and its progeny. It is evident from Figure 1 that the tracks can be classified into round (R) and wedge-shaped (W) tracks. The characteristic for the formation of the two types of tracks was studied by experiment and the results are shown in Figure 2. This figure shows the cross section of the solid in which the a-rays produced the two types of tracks. In this figure, the distance corresponds to the residual range of a-ray at the incidence point P in the unit of cm of air equivalent thickness (r). If an a-ray which enters the detector through the point P stops in region R, it produces a round...

---