Web consolidation

Webs produced with the above described processed have limited strength in their unbonded form and need to be consolidated. There are three basic types of bonding thermal, mechanical and chemical. The thermal bonding uses the thermoplastic properties of certain synthetic fibers to form bonds under controlled heating. In some cases the web fiber itself can be used, but often a low melt fiber or bi-compo-nent fiber is introduced at the web formation stage to perform the binding function later in the process. 

Carded thermally bonded technology is losing significant share in the cover stock market in North America and spun-bonded non-wovens accounted for 75 % of cover stock in 1999 (Fig. 10-7). In contrast widely different technologies are utilized to produce non-wovens for wipes. Hydro-entangled products are expected to grow due to superior strength and softness [7]. 

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Web consolidation, for staple-fiber nonwoven fabrics, 17 505-512 Web drafting, 17 501-502 Web dryers, 9 119-120... 

HydrOGntanglement. This is a generic term for a nonwoven process that can be used for web consolidation, fabric surface-texturing purposes, or both. The mechanism is one of fiber rearrangement within a preformed web by means of fluid forces. When used for bonding, hydroentanglement repositions individual fibers... 

The basic non-woven manufacturing systems have four principal elements or phases fiber selection and preparation, web formation, web consolidation, and finishing treatments. 

The paper or paperboard manufacturing process is similar for all types of pulp. Pulp is spread out as extremely dilute slurry on a moving endless belt of filtering fabric. Water is removed by gravity and vacuum, and the resulting web of fibers is passed through presses to remove more water and consolidate the web. Paper and paperboard manufacturers use nearly identical processes, but paper-board is thicker (more than 0.3 mm). 

JECFA Spec. The food additive specifications published in the FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 52, (FNP 52) and its Addenda (covering the years 1992 to 2000) are numbered Add from 1 to 8. The intention is to publish a consolidated volume, as a CD ROM and/or on the World Wide Web. 

In recent years there have been a range of recommendations regarding the structure of publications how they should be laid out and what they should contain. These have usually been in the form of checklists and all of this has been encapsulated within the CONSORT statement (Moher et al. (2001) and Altman et al. (2001)). CONSORT is an acronym for Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials and increasingly many medical journals have adopted this guidance in terms of requiring their clinical trial publications to conform to it. There is a web site which provides up-to-date information and helpful resources and examples WWW. consort- statement.org. 

Table rolls contribute a gentle suction in the downstream expansion zone between wire and roll, while some of the water pulled through clings as a film on the underside of the fabric to be pushed up through the wire on the upstream side of the next roll this vertical pressure pulse helps consolidate the web. Where wire speeds exceed about 25 m s the suction increases excessively and rolls are no longer used. 

Kibblewhite RP (1984) Web formation, consolidation and water removal and their relationships with fibre and wet web properties and behaviour. Fundamentals of paper performance. Technical Association of Australian and New Zealand Pulp and Paper Industry, Vol. 3 1-12... 

This is the first time that an update of the Consolidated List of Products whose Consumption and/or Sale have been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted or not Approved by Governments has been printed in a short version , i.e., the present issue will contain only new data. The complete ninth issue, containing historical data on chemicals, will be posted on the United Nations web site. This short version of the ninth issue has been printed for the benefit of those users of the List, particularly for users in the developing countries, who may not have easy access to the Internet or those who would like to continue to receive the publication in the printed version for reasons of their own. They should use it in conjunction with the printed seventh issue, which also contains data on chemicals. 

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