Waves sinusoidal activation

The second component is caused by the different harmonic quantities present in the system when the supply voltage is non-linear or the load is nonlinear or both. This adds to the fundamental current, /,- and raises it to Since the active power component remains the same, it reduces the p.f of the system and raises the line losses. The factor /f/Zh is termed the distortion factor. In other words, it defines the purity of the sinusoidal wave shape. 

Power factor (displacement) — Ratio between the active power (watts) of the fundamental wave to the apparent power (voltamperes) of the fundamental wave. For a pure sinusoidal waveform, only the fundamental component exists. The power factor, therefore, is the cosine of the displacement angle between the voltage and the current waveforms see Figure 1.9. 

The terms displacement and true power factor, are widely mentioned in power factor studies. Displacement power factor is the cosine of the angle between the fundamental voltage and current waveforms. The fundamental waveforms are by definition pure sinusoids. But, if the waveform distortion is due to harmonics (which is very often the case), the power factor angles are different than what would be for the fundamental waves alone. The presence of harmonics introduces additional phase shift between the voltage and the current. True power factor is calculated as the ratio between the total active power used in a circuit (including harmonics) and the total apparent power (including harmonics) supplied from the source ... 

The results presented demonstrate that auditory systems of animals and humans respond to pulsed microwaves. However, there is little likelihood of the microwave acoustic effect arising from direct interaction of microwave pulses with the cochlear nerve or neurons at higher structures along the auditory pathway. The pulsed microwave energy, instead, initiates a thermoelastic wave of pressure in the head that travels to the cochlea and activates the hair cells in the inner ear. This theory covers many experimental observations, but it may be incomplete and thus require further extension to account for certain additional experimental findings. Tyazhelov, et al. (1 1) found in their beat frequency experiment that matching of microwave pulses (10 ps, 8000 pps) to a phase-shifted 8 kHz sinusoidal sound input... 

Therefore, the sinusoidal variation of /q and /g with z can be considered as the beating of the two waves whose wavevectors originate on different branches of the dispersion surface. From Figure 4.4, we see that a = BA, which is the distance between the two active tie points (A on the a branch and B on the 0 branch) that are selected by the incident wave conditions. For the symmetrical Laue case with = 0 (i.e., PL = 0), A and B lie on the line QL BA now has its minimum value and thus the period of oscillation (1/ff) has its maximum value. As we move away from the exact Bragg angle, BA increases, and thus the period of oscillation of /q and 7g with z decreases. When 5 = 0, a = 1/tg and... 

Figure 7d shows a schematic depiction of the active mixer chip design, consisting of a main flow channel and six pairs of orthogonal side channels [76]. Operation of the mixer chip relies on the perturbation of the main x-directional channel flow by y-directional cross-stream side-channel flows. The side-channel flows are per-turbated by pressure changes through thin membranes affected by a GERF microvalve (Fig. 7e). Square-wave electrical voltage signals (0-800 V) are applied between the electrodes to control the microvalve and, in turn, the perturbation, leading to pulsating sinusoidal cross-stream flows in the six pairs of side channels, as shown in Fig. 8f.

The redox active film of interest is assumed to undergo electrochemically reversible interconversion between oxidized and reduced states as a function of electrode potential as described by the Nernst equation. If so, then the plot of reflectance Rdc as a function of the electrode potential E can be represented schematically as Fig. 2.5. When AFac-C R77 appT. the linear response approximation is valid A sine wave potential modulation should give rise to a sinusoidal change of the reflectance, as shown in Fig. 2.5, where R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, app is the apparent number of electrons involved in the redox equilibrium relationship, and F is the Faraday constant. 

For reversible systems there is no special reason to use these techniques, unless the concentration of the electrochemical active species is too low to allow application of DCP or cyclic voltammetry. For a reversible electrochemical system, the peak potentials in alternating current voltammetry (superimposed sinusoidal voltage perturbation) and in square-wave voltammetry (superimposed square-wave voltage... 

Following earlier studies, the activation function (t) is approximated by (half) a sinusoidal wave of the form ... 

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