Water, Wastewater and Stormwater

Water is probably the limiting resource for development in most areas of the world. Of the hydrological cycle s vast quantity of water, only 2% is potahle and only a small percentage of potahle water is accessible. The earth s surface is 70% water hut only 2.5% of this is freshwater and only 0.007% of the earth s freshwater resources are accessible for human use. Consequently water is a very precious resource in relatively short supply in most locations worldwide. In the US water consumption in homes is at a rate of about 380 litres per person daily and half of that is attributed to landscape irrigation. Current technology provides fixtures with relatively low flow characteristics  

6 litres/flush 3.8 litres/flush 9.5 litres/minute 8.3 litres/minute 

Water consumption hy landscaping can be dramatically reduced through appropriate plant selection and use of low flow or trickle irrigation systems. The use of extravagant areas of turf grass is a serious problem in that it requires not only substantial irrigation but also high maintenance and the use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertiliser. 

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Reynaert, B., Horemans, R. Vercruyssen, P, 2004. Arc-GIS/ArcFM 8 for water distribution network management. Case study submission in response to a call for case studies distributed by the author Shamsi U.M. for the book GIS Application for Water, Wastewater and Stormwater systems 2005. 

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