Water, volume, intrinsic

The electrical conductivity of agarose gel increased with increasing water volume fraction, Figure 1. This is attributed primarily to the dependence of ion diffusivity on water volume fraction [14], An empirical model for relative ion diffusivity (D/Do) is proposed to be a function of the hydrodynamic radius ( rs) of solute and intrinsic Darcy permeability (k) of gel ... 

The liquid and bound water volume fractions are calculated from the water content divided by the intrinsic density of water (1000 kg/m ). The volume fraction of gas, i.e. the porosity, is given both by the gas law (i.e the gas density in Equation 14) and the volume of gas (i.e. structural changes arising from Equation 13). The solid volume fraction is calculated from Equation (12). 

The variations of reduced polymer concentration C/Co and intrinsic viscosity [ulr = [ul/[ul, where Cq and [ri] are the values at the inlet, are plotted in Fig. 1 to 5 as a function of the volume of polymer solution injected Vp, and of water volume injected Vw. both expressed in terms of pore volume PV. 

The encapsulation results in a chance collection of molecules that then form an autocatalytic cycle and a primitive metabolism but intrinsically only an isolated system of chemical reactions. There is no requirement for the reactions to reach equilibrium because they are no longer under standard conditions and the extent of reaction, f, will be composition limited (Section 8.2). Suddenly, a protocell looks promising but the encapsulation process poses lots of questions. How many molecules are required to form an organism How big does the micelle or liposome have to be How are molecules transported from outside to inside Can the system replicate Consider a simple spherical protocell of diameter 100 nm with an enclosed volume of a mere 125 fL. There is room within the cell for something like 5 billion molecules, assuming that they all have a density similar to that of water. This is a surprisingly small number and is a reasonable first guess for the number of molecules within a bacterium. 

Leahy, D. E. (1986) Intrinsic molecular volume as a measure of the cavity term in linear solvation energy relationships octanol-water partition coefficients and aqueous solubilities. J. Pharm. Sci. 75, 629-636. 

Water atomization is intrinsically a high volume, low cost process. Therefore, it is generally more cost-effective compared to other commercial atomization methods. However, powder purity,... 

Logarithmic bioconcentration factors have been shown to be correlated with the logarithmic octa-nol/water partition coefficient in aquatic organisms (Davies and Dobbs, 1984 de Wolf et al., 1992 Isnard and Lambert, 1988) and fish (Davies and Dobbs, 1984 Kenaga, 1980 Isnard and Lambert, 1988 Neely et al., 1974 Ogata et al., 1984 Oliver and Niimi, 1985). In addition, bioconcentration factors are well correlated by a linear solvation energy relationship (coimnonly known as LSER) that includes the intrinsic solute molecular volume and solvatochromic parameters that measnre hydrogen bond acceptor basicity and donor acidity of the componnd (Park and Cho, 1993). 

Epilepsy is an example of excessive neural signaling in the central nervous system. Relative cellular and extracellular space (ECS) volume has been demonstrated to play an important role in the propensity for epileptic seizures. For example, reducing ECS volume by exposure to hypotonic medium produces hyperexcitability and enhanced epileptiform activity, whereas hyperosmolar medium reduces excitability. The hypothesis that AQP4-dependent water transport in astrocytes might modulate intrinsic brain excitability was tested by seizure susceptibility in response to the GABAa antagonist convulsant pentylenetetrazol... 

Leahy, D. E., Intrinsic Molecular Volume as a Measure of the Cavity Term in linear Solvation Energy Relationships Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients and Aqueous Solubilities. J. Pharrn. Sci., 1986 75, 629-636. 

Electro- magnetic Liquids only 1.5 (See Volume 1, Section 6.3.9) Additives in pharmaceuticals, paint, pulp and paper, water treatment using chlorine Good chemical resistance. Hygenic and intrinsically safe. Wide range. Requires some conductivity... 

---