Water solubility in liquids

YeUow or orange monoclinic crystal or powder a red aUotrope modification also known density 3.46 g/cm melts at 310°C bods at 707°C insoluble in water soluble in liquid ammonia and alkalies. 

Soft silvery metal body-centered cubic crystal lattice density 5.24 g/cm melts at 822°C vaporizes at 1,596°C electrical resistivity 81 microhm-cm reacts with water soluble in liquid ammonia. 

Monogermane is a colorless gas density 3.43 g/L at 0°C liquefies at -90°C solidifies at -165°C insoluble in cold and hot waters soluble in liquid ammonia and sodium oxychloride slightly soluble in hot hydrochloric acid. 

Digermane, Ge2He is a colorless volatile liquid density 1.98 g/mL at -100°C boils at 29°C decomposes when heated at 215°C solidifies at -109°C decomposes in water soluble in liquid ammonia. 

Soft silvery-white metal body-centered cubic structure density 0.531 g/cm3 burns with a carmine-red flame, evolving dense white fumes melts at 180.54°C vaporizes at 1,342°C vapor pressure 1 torr at 745°C and 10 torr at 890°C electrical resistivity 8.55 microhm-cm at 0°C and 12.7 microhm-cm at 100°C viscosity 0.562 centipoise at 200°C and 0.402 centipoise at 400°C reacts with water soluble in liquid ammonia forming a blue solution. 

Properties Colorless gas, d 3.43 g/L, fp -165C, bp -88C, decomposes at 350C, insoluble in water, soluble in liquid ammonia, slightly soluble in hot hydrochloric acid. 

Methanol is frequently used to inhibit hydrate formation in natural gas so we have included information on the effects of methanol on liquid phase equilibria. Shariat, Moshfeghian, and Erbar have used a relatively new equation of state and extensive caleulations to produce interesting results on the effeet of methanol. Their starting assumptions are the gas composition in Table 2, the pipeline pressure/temperature profile in Table 3 and methanol concentrations sufficient to produce a 24°F hydrate-formation-temperature depression. Resulting phase concentrations are shown in Tables 4, 5, and 6. Methanol effects on CO2 and hydrocarbon solubility in liquid water are shown in Figures 3 and 4. 

Figure 4. Effects of methanol on predicted hydrocarbon solubility in liquid water.

The polymer is a water-soluble viscous liquid which has found application in the adhesive and rubber industries. One particular use has been a heat sensitiser used in the manufacture of rubber latex dipped goods. 

Sulphonie aeids are water soluble, viseous liquids. Their aeidity is akin to that of sulphurie aeid they form salts with bases but fail to undergo esterifieation with aleohols. Their properties vary aeeording to the nature of R some are prone to thermal deeomposition. They are used as surfaetants and in the dye industry some have biologieal uses. 2-Amino-ethanesulphonie aeid is the only naturally oeeuning sulphonie aeid. 

Colourless water-soluble fuming liquid with pungent penetrating odour Glacial acid freezes at 8°C Decomposes slowly in storage, liberating carbon monoxide... 

The purified tetraethyl pyrophosphate is a colorless, odorless, water-soluble, hygroscopic liquid (24, 4 )- It possesses a very high acute toxicity (28), exceeding that of parathion, and is rapidly absorbed through the skin. There is no spray-residue problem, however, for tetraethyl pyrophosphate hydrolyzes even in the absence of alkali to nontoxic diethyl phosphoric acid. Hall and Jacobson (24) and Toy (47) have measured its rate of hydrolysis, which is a first-order reaction. Its half-life at 25° C. is 6.8 hours and at 38° C. is 3.3 hours. Coates (10) determined the over-all velocity constant at 25° C. k = 160 [OH-] + 1.6 X 10 3 min.-1 Toy (47) has described an elegant method for preparing this ester as well as other tetraalkyl pyrophosphates, based upon the controlled hydrolysis of 2 moles of dialkyl chlorophosphate ... 

One of the disadvantages of using a nonaqueous solvent is that in most cases ionic solids are less soluble than in water. There are exceptions to this. For example, silver chloride is insoluble in water, but it is soluble in liquid ammonia. As will be illustrated later, some reactions take place in opposite directions in a nonaqueous solvent and water. 

We have already mentioned that silver chloride is readily soluble in liquid ammonia. Because it is slighdy less polar than water and has lower cohesion energy, intermolecular forces make it possible for organic molecules to create cavities in liquid ammonia. As a result, most organic compounds are more soluble in liquid ammonia than they are in water. Physical data for liquid ammonia are summarized in Table 10.2. 

In order for a metathesis reaction to occur in water, some product must be removed from the reaction. Generally, this involves the formation of a precipitate, the evolution of a gas, or the formation of an unionized product. Because solubilities are different in liquid ammonia, reactions are often unlike those in water. Although silver halides are insoluble in water, they are soluble in liquid ammonia as a result of forming stable complexes with ammonia. Therefore, the reaction... 

The first of these reactions takes place because AgCl is insoluble in water. The second takes place because AgCl is insoluble in sulfur dioxide. The third reaction takes place because the highly ionic LiCl is not soluble in liquid ammonia. The last of these reactions takes place because AgCl is soluble in liquid ammonia but NaCl is not. It is clear that metathesis reactions may be different in some nonaqueous solvents. 

Solubilities of the later lanthanide trifluorides are similar in liquid hydrogen fluoride and in water, though they are slightly more soluble in the former. Solubilities in liquid hydrogen fluoride (probably 98% HF) decrease steadily from a value of 4 x 10-5 mol EuFs per 100 g HF to 2.1 x 10-5 mol LuF3 per 100 g HF, at 0°C (281). 

Phosphorus, iodine and sulphur which are all insoluble in water are soluble in liquid ammonia. Since the amide ion, NH2, is a very strong base, liquid ammonia is a good solvent to obtain a strongly basic medium. 

T.E.P.P. is a colourless, odourless, water-soluble toxic liquid, more toxic than parathion and rapidly absorbed through the skin. It is quickly hydrolysed, even in the absence of alkali, to the non-toxic diethyl hydrogen phosphate. It has found use as an aerosol to control pests on greenhouse vegetables and flowers, and is relatively free from residual toxicity hazards. 

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