Water rebound

Adams, R. Younger, P. L. 2001. A strategy for modeling ground water rebound in abandoned deep mine systems. Ground Water, 39, 249-261. 

Younger, P. L. Adams, R. 1999. Predicting Mine Water Rebound. Environment Agency R D Technical Report W179, Bristol, UK, 108 pp. 

The acylation of alcohol-containing monomers, e.g. hydroxyethyl acrylates or vinyl benzyl alcohol with maleic, succinic or sulfosuccinic anhydride leads to bifunctional polymerizable surfactants. A range of such products has been synthesized and tested in batch polymerization and core-shell polymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate [26]. In both cases good stability, high conversion and little burying of the Surfmers were observed. Water rebound was also limited. These advantageous features were however offset by an unacceptable resistance to electrolytes and to freeze-thaw. 

Abele, S., Gauthier, C., Graillat, C. and Guyot, A. (2000) Films from styrene-butyl acrylate lattices using maleic or succinic surfactants mechanical properties, water rebound and grafting of the surfactants. Polymer, 41, 1147-55. 

The acylation of alcohol-containing monomers, such as hydroxyethyl acrylates and methacrylates or vinylbenzyl alcohol, with maleic, or succinic, or sulfosuccinic anhydride, allows easy preparation of bifunctional polymerizable surfactants [64]. Some among these compounds, listed in Table 5, have been engaged in batch polymerization of styrene as well as in core-shell copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate. Stable latexes have been obtained in both cases, with only low floe production. A high conversion of the surfmers was most often reached, with little burying. However, these latexes do not show a noticeable resistance to the addition of electrolytes and cannot withstand freezing tests these features are not so surprising because their stabilization is only electrostatic and in no way steric. It can be noted, however, that their water rebound is somewhat limited, unless their water... 

Closure Mobilization of 2° minerals on re-flooding Re-emergence of ground water Cessation of pumping Long-term seepage Deep fluxes Ground water rebound... 

By modifying the procedure described above to explode a wire in the water sphere while the system was under compression, they did attain explosions. Measuring the rebound of the cylinder and the loss of aluminum, they could estimate the work produced by the event. Assuming the maximum energy transfer to the water would occur by constant volume heating to the aluminum temperature, foUowed by an isothermal, reversible expansion, they estimated an efficiency of about 25%. Clearly the exploding wire led to an immediate and effective dispersal of the water. 

The momentum of the water as it moves outward causes the gas bubble to over-expand so that its pressure drops below the hydrostatic pressure, and then to collapse as liquid flows back in. The return flow also overshoots the gas pressure rises again, but to nowhere near the detonation pressure. However, the bubble expands again in rebound, behaving in effect as a second explosion. Several successive rebounds may occur, each becoming weaker. To evaluate the total damage, both the shock wave and the subsequent bubble pulses must be considered... 

This mixing occurred without your touching the solutions. The molecules of water as well as the molecules of the crystals and the ink were constantly in motion, as all molecules are. In moving about, they bumped into each other and rebounded, so that their motion was continuous. Even though the motion was a random one, it resulted eventually in an even distribution throughout the water of the substances you added to it. This is called diffusion. Diffusion occurs in all fluids (liquids and gases) that combine in a purely mechanical way (as opposed... 

The evidence that water is split on the inner side of thylakoids is convincing early experiments by Fowler and Kok [33] and more recent ones [6] have shown that the protons generated by water splitting are detected inside the thylakoid lumen. Furthermore, it has been shown that the 24 and 18 kDa polypeptides are accessible to antibodies only in so-called inside-out preparations these polypeptides can be extracted in salt solutions from the inside-out vesicles, and subsequently rebound to them [34,35]. 

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