Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Water

What differences between water, oxygen, and hydrogen can you point out from your own experience For example, you might consider... 

Figure 2. (a) Density of water oxygens and hydrogens, (b) The water dipole density profile and the associated potential drop, (c) The total charge density profile and the potential drop, as a function of the distance between two parallel slabs of the Pt( 100) surface at T = 300 K. 

To construct the potential pH diagrams of the different elements, all their possible redox processes with water, oxygen, and hydrogen have to be taken into account, and the electrochemical potentials have to be calculated. In addition, the dissolution/precipitation equilibria (e.g., hydrolysis) have to be taken into consideration, as well. The main dissolved ions in groundwater (calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium cations hydrocarbonate/carbonate, chloride,... 

Because of the very strong dipole moments of these bonds and the very small size of the hydrogen substituents on water, a slight degree of orbital overlap occurs between adjacent water oxygens and hydrogens to give partial covalent bonds known as H-bonds (effectively, can only form with O, N, F). 

Rye RO, Stoffregen RE (1995) Jarosite-water oxygen and hydrogen isotope fractionations Preliminary experimental data. Econ Geol 90 2336-2342... 

Figure 4-3. Radial argon-water oxygen and hydrogen distribution functions following...

Figure 4.16. Distributions of water around the Na+-Cl ion pair, following from the 3D-RISM/HNC approach. Interionic separations corresponding to the CIP minimum, barrier maximum, and SSIP minimum of the Na+-Cl PMF (plots in the left, middle, and right columns, respectively). Distributions of water oxygen and hydrogen sites (plots in the upper and middle row, respectively). Arrangements of water molecules in the first hydration shell around the ion pair (cartoons in the lower row). The dashed line marks hydrogen bonding between water molecules of the hydration shell.

Figure 4-26. Radial distribution functions between water oxygen and hydrogen sites and the Cl and Na+ ions in ambient aqueous solution at infinite dilution. Orientational averages of the 3D water-ion distributions obtained from the SC-3D-RISM/HNC theory (sohd hnes), results following from the site-site RISM/HNC approach (dash dotted lines), and molecular simulation data [112] (short dashed lines).

Na+ ions (Figure 4.26). On orientational averaging, the narrow high peaks turn into much lower first peaks of the chlorine-water oxygen and hydrogen radial distributions of height = 3.0 and = 2.3. 

Figure 4.29. Transverse average of the 3D site distributions of water oxygen and hydrogen Qq and gjj (sohd and dashed Hnes, respectively) as a function of the z-coordinate of the super-ceU (part a), and their portion as a function of the distance Az = z — from the surface layer of metal slab...

Figure 4-31. Section of the 3D water oxygen and hydrogen site distributions by the plane situated in parallel to the (100) FCC metal slab at the distance of 2.45 A from the first surface layer. The section passes through the peaks of the distributions in the first hydration shell. The positions of metal ionic cores are same as in Figure 4.27c.

Figure 4.33 presents the water oxygen and hydrogen distributions in the plane containing the CO molecular axis. The first hydration shell... 

Figure 4-33. Three-dimensional distributions of water oxygen and hydrogen sites around the hydrated molecule of carbon monoxide.

Figure 4-S.i. Radial distributions of water oxygen and hydrogen sites around the hydrated CO molecule C(C0)-0(water), 0(C0)-0(water), C(CO)-H(water), and 0(C0)-H(water), parts (a) to (d), respectively. R ults of the 3D-R1SM-MCSCF and site-site RISM-MCSCF approaches (solid and dashed lines, respectively).

Pan JM, Maschhoff BL, Diehold U, Madey TE (1992) Interaction of water, oxygen, and hydrogen with TiO2(110) surfaces having different defect densities. J Vac Sci Technol A 10 2470-2476... 

Figure 1 Some of the polyhedra encountered in clathrate hydrate structures. Each vertex is a water oxygen and hydrogen atoms lie in between. Although the faces of the polyhedra are represented by planes, this is not necessarily so in actual structures.

Figure 1.3 Thermodynamic stability of water, oxygen, and hydrogen. (A is the equilibrium line for the reaction H2 = 2H + 2e . B is the equilibrium line for the reaction 2H2O = 62 + 4H+ + 4e . indicates increasing thermodynamic driving force for cathodic oxygen reduction, as the potential falls below line B. indicates increasing thermodynamic driving force for cathodic hydrogen evolution, as the potential falls below line A.)...

In more recent studies, in order to interpret the observed accelerated steel oxidation in steam in the range of 400-900°C for power plant applications, various possibilities of water , oxygen and hydrogen transports through the oxide scales were again considered [47], but no conclusion was made as to which species was the predominant one and responsible for the observed oxidation rates and scale structures developed. 

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