Water microstructural analysis

Rigorously purified EtZnNBu ZnEt alone has practically no catalytic activity for purified propylene oxide and requires a cocatalyst, for example, water, for acquiring catalytic activity. In what manner does the added water affect the rate and stereospecificity of polymerization and the microstructure of polymer The microstructure analysis method by H-NMR techniques was expected to give a relevant answer to this question. 

Microstructural Analysis of Paste and Interfacial Transition Zone in Cement Mortars Modified with Water-soluble Polymers... 

Holzer, L. Munch, B. Rizzi, M Wepf, R. Marschall, P. Graule, T. (2010). 3D-microstructure analysis of hydrated bentonite with ayo-stabilized pwre water. Applied Clay Science. Vol. 47, pp. 330-342. 

N. Soneda, K. Dohi, A. Nomoto, K. Nishida and S. Ishino, Microstructural analysis of RPV materials and development of mechanism-guided embrittlement correlation method , Proc International Symposium on Research for Aging Management of Light Water Reactors, B.L. Eyre and I. Kimura, eds, INSS, Fukui, 2008. 

For simulation studies, some progress on this subject has been achieved through development of theoretical techniques to analyze the angular and spatial local structure of water in a systematic way [115,120,129]. A particular application of this orientation-dependent microstructural analysis to supercritical water [65,112,130] was used to dispute the claims on the disappearance of HB by Postorino et al. [121]. 

The phase equilibria in the La-Ce-Ge system at 870 K (fig. 122) were investigated by Shpyrka (1988) by means of X-ray phase analysis and partly microstructural analysis of alloys which were arc melted and subsequently annealed in evacuated silica tubes for 350 h and finally quenched in water. The starting materials were La 99.79 mass%, Ce 99.56 mass%, and Ge 99.99 mass°/o. The phase relations are characterized by the formation of continuous solid solutions originating at the isotypic binary compomids. 

Microstructural examinations revealed branched, transgranular cracks originating on the external surface (treated cooling water). Analysis of material covering the crack surfaces revealed the presence of chlorine. 

Lagues et al. [17] found that the percolation theory for hard spheres could be used to describe dramatic increases in electrical conductivity in reverse microemulsions as the volume fraction of water was increased. They also showed how certain scaling theoretical tools were applicable to the analysis of such percolation phenomena. Cazabat et al. [18] also examined percolation in reverse microemulsions with increasing disperse phase volume fraction. They reasoned the percolation came about as a result of formation of clusters of reverse microemulsion droplets. They envisioned increased transport as arising from a transformation of linear droplet clusters to tubular microstructures, to form wormlike reverse microemulsion tubules. 

Miura and Yoshida also investigated the changes in the microstructure of 1100 EW Nafion sulfonate membranes, in alkali, ammonium, and alkylammonium cation forms, that were induced by swelling in ethanol using DSC, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), SAXS, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). These studies were performed within the context of liquid pervaporation membranes that could potentially be used to separate ethanol from water... 

The explosive advancements in NMR technology in recent years have dramatically expanded the avenues and techniques available. NMR techniques for the study of food range from in-line/on-line oil and water analysis, to characterization and authentification of foods and beverages, water relations in foods and biological tissues, mobility of water in food and to probing microstructure of food. The applications of NMR techniques in food research were recently reviewed [2,3]. 

Erlinger, C., Gazeau, D., Zemb, Th. et al. 1998. Effect of nitric acid extraction on phase behavior, microstructure and interactions between primary aggregates in the system dimethyldibutyl-tetradecylmalonamide (DMDBTDMA)/ -dodecane/water A phase analysis and small-angle X-ray scattering (S AXS) characterization study. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 16 707-738. 

For characterizing the microstructure we use a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). By CLSM we can specify a 3-D configuration under atmospheric condition. Smectite minerals are extremely fine and poorly crystallized, so it is difficult to determine the properties by experiment. We inquire into the physicochemical properties by a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method. Then, we develop a multiscale homogenization analysis (HA) method to extend the microscopic characteristics to the macroscopic behavior. We show numerical examples of a coupled water-flow and diffusion problem. 

Despite these difficulties, connections can be made between the microstructure and the physical and sensory properties. We have already discussed some of these, for example, the correlation between ice crystal size and sensory smoothness shown in Figure 7.5. Analysis of physical and sensory data by PCA and other statistical methods is an important tool for example, we saw in Figure 6.18 how changes in formulation and storage conditions (which alter the microstructure) affect the sensory attributes. Another example is the relationship between the ice and air microstructure, the thermal conductivity and the perception of coldness in the mouth. The high thermal conductivity of water ice means that heat is rapidly removed from your mouth when you eat the product. This is one of the reasons why an ice lolly feels colder than an ice cream even if they are actually at the same temperature. Table 7.3 summarizes established links between microstructure, physical and sensory properties. 

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