Water final-state distributions

It is possible to predict what happens to Vd when fu or fur changes as a result of physiological or disease processes in the body that change plasma and/or tissue protein concentrations. For example, Vd can increase with increased unbound toxicant in plasma or with a decrease in unbound toxicant tissue concentrations. The preceding equation explains why because of both plasma and tissue binding, some Vd values rarely correspond to a real volume such as plasma volume, extracellular space, or total body water. Finally interspecies differences in Vd values can be due to differences in body composition of body fat and protein, organ size, and blood flow as alluded to earlier in this section. The reader should also be aware that in addition to Vd, there are volumes of distribution that can be obtained from pharmacokinetic analysis of a given data set. These include the volume of distribution at steady state (Vd]SS), volume of the central compartment (Vc), and the volume of distribution that is operative over the elimination phase (Vd ea). The reader is advised to consult other relevant texts for a more detailed description of these parameters and when it is appropriate to use these parameters. 

In the second step this makes the Cu(I) ions accessible to water molecules so that further reduction may occur. The corresponding radial distribution function of the final state shows a structure identical to that of a Cu metal foil (Fig. 7). In comparison to the latter the first coordination shell displays a smaller height, which can be explained by a reduced number of nearest copper neighbours in agreement with recent findings in the literature [13]. This interpretation is supported by the comparison of the XANES of the final state (Fig. 6) with that of small copper particles [l4,15]. 

The formation of marine sediments depends upon chemical, biological, geological and physical influences. There are four distinct processes that can be readily identified. Firstly, the source of the material obviously is important. This is usually the basis for classifying sediment components and will be considered below in more detail. Secondly, the material and its distribution on the ocean floor are influenced by its transportation history, both to and within the ocean. Thirdly, there is the deposition process that must include particle formation and alteration in the water column. Finally, the sediments may be altered after deposition, a process known as diagenesis. Of particular importance are reactions leading to changes in the redox state of the sediments. 

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