Water entry temperature

External Treated cooling water entry temperature 80°F (27°C), exit temperature 130-212°F (55-100°C)... 

Even for this simplest CCGT plant, iterations on such a calculation are required, with various values of p, in order to meet the requirements set on T, the steam turbine entry temperature, and 7s (the calculated value of 7s has to be such that the dewpoint temperature of the gas (7jp) is below the economiser water entry temperature (7b) and that may not be achievable). But with the ratio /i satisfactorily determined, the work output from the lower cycle Wl can be estimated and the combined plant efficiency obtained from... 

Sohd materials, such as gilsonite and asphalt, and partially soluble sulfonated asphalt may also be added to plug small fractures in exposed shale surfaces and thereby limit water entry into the formation (105,124). The asphalts are oxidized or treated to impart partial solubiUty. These materials may be softened by the downhole temperature, causing them to deform and squeeze into small openings exposed to the borehole. Laboratory tests designed to evaluate shale-stabilizing muds have confirmed the beneficial action of these materials (125) (see also Soil STABILIZATION). 

Various methods have been used to adjust the rate of water entry and solvent removal. They include the use of additives in the casting dope or in the precipitant (water) and temperature adjustments to both. 

Additives in the water bath can have the opposite effect, decreasing the rate of water entry into the cast film because of the decreased chemical potential of water. This produces tighter membranes with lower porosity. One may also reduce the chemical potential driving force for water entry by reducing the temperature of the water bath. Loeb used ice water (see Figure 3.6) in the formation of RO membranes. 

The moisture content in road shoulders is governed by climatologic factors such as rainfall, temperature and evaporation and typically show a large variation in comparison with the body of the road. Depending of the moisture contents in the shoulders the capillary potential may drive moisture either in or out of the road body. Moisture is typically transported downwards out of the pavement structure as vapor in the summer and upward, into the structure, during winter [15]. Wallace [16] demonstrated the significance of the shoulders as water entries to the unbound material layers during transient conditions in a theoretical study. The rate of lateral intrusion in the unbound layers will be dependent on ... 

Note that all existing utilities to be used by Aspen IPE are listed. Default values should be examined and modified, and missing utilities should be added. For example, because the textbook recommends that process designs accept cooling water at 90°F and heat it to 120°F, it is necessary to replace the temperatures associated with the cooling water utility. To modify these temperatures, double-click on the Cooling Water entry, which produces the Utility Specifications dialog box ... 

In this example the clinker entry temperature is 1120°C. Although radiation and convection losses are kept low by the thermal insulation provided by the refractory lining and the insulated liner plates, the clinker was cooled to a final exit temperature of about 170° C, without having recourse to water injection. With water injection at a rate of about 3% of the clinker throughput the final temperature was lowered another 40°, which was not attended by any ascertainable increase in heat consumption. 

A conditioning unit (water spray tower) installed upstream of the precipitator can serve to lower the temperature of the incoming gas to 130°— 150° C and also raise the dew-point of the gas, so as to enable better dust precipitation to be achieved. At the same time, the gas entering the conditioning unit should still have a sufficiently high entry temperature, uniform distribution and sufficiently long residence time to enable all the sprayed water to be completely evaporated (Fig. 16). 

A hydroxyl group is a very powerful activating substituent and electrophilic aro matic substitution m phenols occurs far faster and under milder conditions than m ben zene The hrst entry m Table 24 4 for example shows the monobrommation of phenol m high yield at low temperature and m the absence of any catalyst In this case the reac tion was carried out m the nonpolar solvent 1 2 dichloroethane In polar solvents such as water it is difficult to limit the brommation of phenols to monosubstitution In the fol lowing example all three positions that are ortho or para to the hydroxyl undergo rapid substitution... 

The column (or line entry) headed a gives the volume of gas (in milliliters) measured at standard conditions (0°C and 760 mm or 101.325 kN dissolved in 1 mL of water at the temperature stated (in degrees Celsius) and when the pressure of the gas without that of the water vapor is 760 mm. The line entry A indicates the same quantity except that the gas itself is at the uniform pressure of 760 mm when in equilibrium with water. 

Poultry, susceptible to microbiological deterioration, is an excellent substrate for Salmonella. Therefore, the temperature is reduced as rapidly as possible after slaughter. Packagiag at factory level is in soft film, ie, low density polyethylene or plastici2ed PVC, which retards water-vapor loss and permits oxygen entry. 

Tetra-n-butylammonium iodide [311-28-4] M 369.4, m 146". Crystd from toluene/pet ether (see entry for the corresponding bromide), acetone, ethyl acetate, EtOH/diethyl ether, nitromethane, aq EtOH or water. Dried at room temperature under vac. It has also been dissolved in MeOH/acetone (1 3, lOmL/g), filtered and allowed to stand at room temperature to evaporate to ca half its original volume. Distilled water (ImL/g) was then added, and the ppte was filtered off and dried. It was also dissolved in acetone, ppted by adding ether and dried in vac at 90" for 2 days. It has also been recrystallised from CH2Cl2/pet ether or hexane, or anhydrous methanol and stored in a vacuum desiccator over H2SO4. [Chau and Espenson J Am Chem Soc 108 1962... 

Fig. 6.2 shows a simplified diagram of the basic STIG plant with steam injection S per unit air flow into the combustion chamber the state points are numbered. Lloyd 2 presented a simple analysis for such a STIG plant based on heat input, work output and heat rejected (as though it were a closed cycle air and water/steam plant, with external heat supplied instead of combustion and the exhaust steam and air restored to their entry conditions by heat rejection). His analysis is adapted here to deal with an open cycle plant with a fuel input/to the combustion chamber per unit air flow, at ambient temperature To, i.e. a fuel enthalpy flux of/7i,o. For the combustion chamber, we may write... 

This is essentially the approach adopted by Ruffi [9] in a comprehensive set of calculations, but he assumed that the economiser entry water temperature 7b is raised above the condenser temperature by feed heating, which was specified for all his calculations. The T,s diagram is shown in Fig. 7.6 the feed pump work terms are neglected so that h.j, = hy and h. = /ib. 

The reason for using feed heating to set the entry feed water temperature at a level T, above the condenser temperature is that Tb must exceed the dewpoint temperature Tjp of the exhaust gases. If is below Tjp then condensation may occur on the outside of the economiser tubes (the temperature of the metal on the outside of the tubes is virtually the same as the internal water temperature because of the high heat transfer on the water side). With Tb > Tjp possible corrosion will be avoided. 

Except for conduit or cable entries into explosion-proof enclosures containing arcing or high-temperature devices (as described in Item I above), cables that will leak gas through the core at a rate of less than 0.007 ft /hr at 6 in. of water pressure need not be sealed if they are provided with a continuous gas/vapor-tight sheath. Cables with such a sheath that will transmit gas at or above this rate must be sealed if connected to process equipment that may cause a pressure of 6 in. of water at the cable end. 

At the CISE Laboratories in Milan, where the phenomenon of fast and slow burn-out was first noted, the onset of random temperature oscillations has in itself been assumed to signify burn-out, the implication being that temperature oscillations always occur [Bertoletti et ah (BI9) and Alessandrini et al. (A5)]. However, the CISE experiments have in the past been carried out with preformed mixtures of steam and water at entry to a heated test channel, and it is possible that this feature, which is known to produce flow disturbances (see Section III), may be the reason for the fact that temperature oscillations always occur. 

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