Water entrapment hypothesis

Fig. 13.5 Noble gases dissolved in thermal waters in the Jordan Rift Valley. (Data from Mazor, 1972.) The nonsaline waters lie between the values of air-saturated water (ASW) at 15 and 25 °C, demonstrating the meteoric (atmospheric) origin and the closed-system conditions that prevailed in the ground. The saline Tiberias hot water is suggested to have originated by saline water entrapment, a hypothesis supported by the lower noble gas content (Mazor, 1972).

Example 2. A white powder has been submitted to a chemist for identification. He finds that the powder is rather heavy, and is insoluble in water. Circumstances, lead him to suspect that it is a specimen of the substance barium sulfate, which is known to have the density 4.499 g/cm. In order to make a check on this hypothesis he determines the density of the powder. A sample of the powder is placed in tlie. same pycnometer used to obtain the data given in Example 1. The pycnometer plus the sample of powder is found to weigh 55.83 g. Benzene is then added to the pycnometer, and suction is applied in order to cause air bubbles entrapped in... 

B) Comparison between calculated and experimental distribution of a water-soluble marker (ferritin) inside POPC vesicles. Detailed data analysis shows that in some cases ferritin can be entrapped with efficiency higher than what expected on theoretical basis (Poisson distribution). Data taken from Berciaz et al. (C) Probability of co-entrapment of all macromolecular components of transcription-translation kit inside lipid vesicles of a given radius. The entrapment of each molecule is modelled as a poissonian process, and the cumulative probability is calculated as product of probabilities of independent events. The curve (a) indicates the probability of entrapping at least one copy of each molecular specie inside the same vesicle. The curve (b) indicates the probability of entrapping at least one copy of each molecular species under the hypothesis that their concentrations are all 50 times higher than the nominal (bulk) concentrations. Adapted from Souza et aP ... 

Thus, a hybridization of the H-O bond contraction [68, 73, 74], local entrapment and polarization [75, 76], and the segmented H-bond relaxation [77] clarify the anomalous behavior of water molecules with fewer than four neighbors. This exercise also reconciled the anomalies of 0-0 expansion, O Is electron densifi-cation and entrapment, surface electron polarization, high-frequency phonon stiffening, and the ice-ltke and hydrophobic nature of such under-coordinated water molecules. Agreement between numerical calculations and experimental observations validated the following hypothesis and predictions ... 

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