VX nerve gas

VM also called Edemo is a "V-series" nerve agent closely related to the better-known VX nerve gas. Like most of the agents in the V-series (with the exception of VX), VM has not been studied extensively studied. Little known about this compound other than its chemical formula. Since it is structurally very similar to VX it can be assumed that most properties will be similar also. 

General Atomics U.S. Army IN, USA Bulk VX nerve gas agent hydrolysis, chemical agents, explosives, 949 kg h Commissioned 1999 (pilot plant 2000-2001)... 

VX (nerve gas) Human, oral, breathing, through skin/eyes 2.3 pg/ kg of bw (est.)... 

The hydrolysis of VX nerve gas on concrete has been followed by NMR spectroscopy. The P NMR signals of CysP and PhsP have been used to probe the acidity of Si02-Al203 monolayer catalysts. H-ZSM-5 was examined similarly using MesPO and Bu PO. ... 

Unable to provide definitive answers to most of these questions, chemical warfare specialists continued to repeat what we have already heard that a single whiff of a nerve gas such as sarin, or a single drop of a liquid nerve agent such as VX can be fatal. They incorrectly warn us that an enemy can pack enough such poison into a single missile warhead to annihilate thousands of people, perhaps the population of an entire city. They note that even the skin can be penetrated, but then tell us it is even more important to possess an airtight mask. 

Dr. Aghajanian also tried the nerve agent GB (sarin) as a possible antidote. It worked quite well, as did VX, another well-known lethal nerve agent. He and Dr. Sidell sueeessfully used both drugs to reverse EA 3580 intoxieation. If not for the general publie fear of anything to do with nerve gas, one might reeommend sarin or VX as superior antidotes to use in the treatment of dmg-indueed delirium. 

The Chemical Corps had already sustained a serious black eye after an accident with nerve gas near Dugway Proving Grounds in Utah. In 1968, a small plane had sprayed VX as part of a dissemination test. Unexpectedly, winds blew it in the wrong direction. Although there were no human casualties, many sheep grazing on nearby farms died. 

Thousands of different compounds have been developed and tested for their toxicity. The most deadly of all is the nerve gas VX. A drop of VX the size of the period at the end of this sentence is fatal. Nerve gas kills people the same way Raid kills roaches, by blocking the proper transmission of nerve impulses, resulting in paralysis and death. 

VX is a odorless, tasteless and oily liquid that can be clear or amber colored, similar to motor oil. VX is normally found in this liquid state despite the nerve gas name. It has a low volatility and is an excellent adhesive. A special form has been developed that is so adhesive that it is virtually impossible to remove from the surface that it is in contact with. 

It was not until June, 1995 (i.e. after the Tokyo subway poisoning) that these authors learned from the press that some AUM Shinrikyo members confessed that these three cases were deliberately induced by spraying the victims back or neck with nerve gas 0-ethyl-S-[(diisopropylamino) ethyl] methylphospho-nothioate (VX) [16],... 

In the summer of 1969 came more bad news. VX nerve agent was leaking from a container at the American base on the Japanese island of Okinawa and twenty-three servicemen had been taken to hospital suffering from its effects. This was doubly serious, for not only did it further erode what little confidence remained in the adequacy of safety measures at chemical weapons bases, but the Japanese government had not even been aware that gas was based on its soil. The previous summer one hundred children playing on a nearby beach had collapsed with an unknown illness. The Pentagon immediately ordered the weapons to be removed from the island. 

Acetylcholine levels in the neuromuscular junction are rapidly reduced by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. A number of nerve gas poisons act to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (such as sarin and VX), such that muscles are continuously stimulated to contract. This leads to blurred vision, bronchoconstriction, seizures, respiratory arrest, and death. The poisons are covalent modifiers of acetylcholinesterase therefore, recovery from exposure to such poisons requires the synthesis of new enzyme. A new generation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which act reversibly (i.e., they do not form covalent bonds with the enzyme), are now being used to treat dementia, in particular dementia as brought about by Alzheimer s disease. 

Decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWA s) is important not only for battlefield applications, but for cleanup as well. Some common CWA s are VX-((9-ethyl S -(2iisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonotioate), which is a nerve gas, and HD (mustard gas), which is a blistering agent. For much of the CWA decontamination research, CWA simulants which have similar chemical structures and properties as CWA s but are much less toxic, are used. In the work described here, DMMP (dimethylmethylphosphonate) and 2-CEES (2 chloroethyl sulfide) will be used as CWA simulants for VX and HD,... 

Decontamination of chemical warfare agents, such as the nerve gas, VX, is required in a variety of situations including battlefields, laboratories, storage facilities, and destruction sites. Most research has dealt with battlefield decontamination due to the speed and ease of use of a decontaminant required in this situation. Because of the requirements of battlefield decontamination, reactive inorganic powders have been widely explored as possible catalysts for CWA decontamination. Studies have been performed examining the neutralization of VX on nanosized MgO (5), nanosized CaO (2), AgY (9), and nanosized AI2O3 (7) and other similar compounds on nanosized MgO (79). 

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