Vulture

Oaks J, Gilbert M, Virani M, Watson R, Meteyer C, Rideout B, Shivaprasad H, Ahmed S, Chaudhry M, Arshad M, Mahmood S, Ali A, Khan A (2004) Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature 427 630-633... 

Green, R.E., Taggart, M.A., and Das, D. et al. (2006). Collapse of Asian vulture populations Risk of mortality from residues of the veterinary drug diclofenac in carcasses of treated cattle. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 949-956. 

Schultz, S., Baral, S., and Charman, S. (2004). Diclofenac poisoning is widespread in declining vulture populations across the Indian subcontinent. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B Biological Sciences 271, Supplement, 458-460. 

Taggart, M.A., Cuthbert, R., and Das, D. (2007). Diclofenac disposition in Indian cow and goat with reference to Gyps vulture population declines. Environmental Pollution 147, 60-65. 

Green RE, Newton I, Shultz S, Cunningham AA, Gilbert M, Pain DJ, Prakash V (2004) Diclofenac poisoning as a cause of vulture population declines across the Indian subcontinent. J Appl Ecol 41 793-800... 

California, 1980-81 Turkey vulture, Cathartes aura breeding adults vs. nonbreeding adults Feathers 0.5-1.9 DW vs. 0.7-6.4 DW 115... 

Griffon vulture, Gyps fulvus Spain 1994 died of lead 52.0 DW 12.6 FW 134 ... 

Decker, R.A. and A.M. McDermid, and J.W. Prideaux. 1979. Lead poisoning in two captive king vultures. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 175 1009. 

Mateo, R., R. Molina, J. Grifols, and R. Guitart. 1997c. Lead poisoning in a free ranging griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus). Veterin. Rec. 140 47-48. 

Turkey vulture, Cathartes aura California kidney vs. 

Liver Turkey vulture, Cathartes aura, California, 1980-81 199 (39-389) DW 128... 

Wiemeyer, S.N., AJ. Krynitsky, and S.R. Wilbur. 1983. Environmental contaminants in tissues, foods, and feces of California condors. Pages 427-439 in S.R. Wilbur, and J.A. Jackson (eds.). Vulture Biology and Management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, CA. 

No evidence of injuries or disease. Yellow fluorescent particles found in mouth appeared like those placed in NaCN ejector mechanisms used in predator control. However, blood cyanide concentration was similarto that found in nonexposed vultures, including two captive California condors... 

Fry, D.M., G. Santolo, and C.R. Grau. 1986. Final Report for Interagency Agreement Effects of Compound 1080 Poison on Turkey Vultures. Dept. Avian Sci., Univ. California, Davis, CA. 44 pp. 

Diphenhydramine, diltiazem, carbamazepine and norfluoxetine have been reported simultaneously in the same wild fish [107]. Moreover, diclofenac was found accumulating in vultures [119], fluoxetine, sertraline and the SSRl metabolites norfluoxetine and desmethylsertraUne were detected in fish [120]. Diclofenac bioaccumulation factors were 10-2,700 in the liver of fish and 5-1,000 in the kidney, depending on exposure concentrations [40, 121]. Gemfibrozil occurred in blood plasma of goldfish after exposure over 14 days at 113 times higher levels than in water [40]. 

Since virtually all communication by terrestrial vertebrates takes place in the air layer near the ground, the chemical ecologist has to understand the properties of that stratum. Volatiles in higher layers of air, however, may attract vultures to carcasses and could possibly serve as cues for migrating birds. Airborne odors are affected by temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, air currents, and vegetation, which, in turn, may influence temperature, humidity, and airflow. Complex interactions of these variables create countless unique environmental conditions for communication patterns of diverse species and for various specific purposes. 

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