Volume conversions involving

Finding the time required for a particular conversion involves the solution of two simultaneous equations, i.e. 1.24 or 1.25 for the material balance and 1.27 for the heat balance. Generally, a solution in analytical form is unobtainable and numerical methods or analogue simulation must be used. Taking, for example, a first-order reaction with constant volume ... 

When intended for use in ceramics, kyanite has to be calcined, not necessarily with the other two forms owing to the smaller volume change involved in their conversion to mullite. In place of natural raw materials from the sillimanite group, use is sometimes made of synthetic mullite produced by high-temperature reaction from a mixture of clay with bauxite, or in some cases from pure oxides. 

In problems involving a gas, it is easier to measure the volume of the gas than the mass. Mixed mass-volume problems include both mass-volume problems, where you are given a mass and asked for a volume, and volume-mass problems, where you are given a volume and asked for a mass. You will need to do the molar conversions involving the molar volume of a gas, so review Lesson 7-2 if necessary. The basic steps for solving this type of problem remain the same ... 

Summary of the primary conversions involved in stoichiometry. The conversion for volumes of gases is included. 

When designing a capacitor, it is desirable to include a material with a high dielectric constant because more power can be stored in a given volume. Conversely, materials with low dielectric constants are preferred for applications involving high frequencies to minimize electric losses. 

This case involves constant temperature T and total pressure n. In this case, the density changes since tlie numher of moles change during the reaction, and the volume of a fluid element changes linearly with conversion or V = Vo(l -i- a a)- The relationship between C and is as follows ... 

As pointed out in Chapter 3, a balanced equation can be used to relate moles or grams of substances taking part in a reaction. Where gases are involved, these relations can be ex tended to include volumes. To do this, we use the ideal gas law and the conversion factor approach described in Chapter 3. 

The most important step in the process for the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into important commercial compounds such as fertilizers and explosives involves the combination of one volume of nitrogen gas with three volumes of hydrogen gas to form two volumes of ammonia gas. 

The nucleation process involves conversion of a small volume of reactant into a stable particle of product and continued reaction (growth)... 

The conversion is more involved because the molality is defined in terms of the mass of solvent but the molarity is defined in terms of the volume of solution. To carry out the conversion we need to know the density of the solution. 

The various kinetic and thermodynamic factors involved in vinyl free radical polymerization have been considered for the case of a batch (or semi-batch) polymerization being carried out to very high conversion. In particular, computations have been done for the final stage of the reaction when monomer concentration is reduced from approximately 5 volume % to 0.5 volume %. 

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