Voltammetric equipment, commercial

Time, Cost, and Equipment Commercial instrumentation for voltammetry ranges from less than 1000 for simple instruments to as much as 20,000 for more sophisticated instruments. In general, less expensive instrumentation is limited to linear potential scans, and the more expensive instruments allow for more complex potential-excitation signals using potential pulses. Except for stripping voltammetry, which uses long deposition times, voltammetric analyses are relatively rapid. 

The most popular voltammetric technique is probably cyclic voltammetry (CV), partly because of its early development in theory and the availability of the corresponding commercial equipment. In this technique, the electrode potential is first scanned linearly with time from a starting potential, where no reaction occurs, passing E°, towards another potential, and then reversed back to the starting potential. In this case, the time variable can be conveniently represented by the scan rate, v. 

O.OIM HCIO4 containing 0.005 M Pb " or Tr. Commercial Ag(lll) electrodes were prepared by mechanical polishing (diamond polish of decreasing grain size), followed by chemical chromate polishing. The electrode was transferred luider electrolyte cover first into a conventional electrochemical cell for test voltammetric measurements, then transferred into the electrolytic STM cell. The STM measurements were performed in a commercial Nanoscope II instrument equipped with a homebuilt electrolytic cell [3]. Electrochemically etched Pt/Ir tunneling tips insulated laterally with Apiezon wax were used for the STM experiments. 

The equipment requirements for ASV are simple, relatively inexpensive, and commercially available. A typical apparatus includes a three-electrode (or a two electrode, in conjunction with microelectrodes) cell, the voltammetric analyzer, and an X-Y recorder. Reliable and versatile (computerized) instruments. 

Despite the obvious advantages provided by semiintegration (convolutive) analyses of voltammetric data and the ease of implementing the required computational procedures with modern equipment, this approach has not yet achieved the wide recognition it deserves. Rather, most electrochemists still prefer to compare conventional DC cyclic voltammo-grams with those obtained by simulation. Arguably, the low popularity of semiintegration is a consequence of the absence of versatile commercially available software, which would spare the need for each individual to create their own mathematical code. 

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