Visual cliff

Smagula, H. Currents Contemporary Directions in the Visual Arts. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1983. 

Janson, H. W. (1986) History of Art A Survey of the Major Visual Arts from the Dawn of History to the Present Day, 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 

Structure-activity similarity (SAS) maps, first described by Shanmugasundaram and Maggiora (35), are pairwise plots of the structure similarity against the activity similarity. The resultant plot can be divided into four quadrants, allowing one to identify molecules characteristic of one of four possible behaviors smooth regions of the SAR space (rough), activity cliffs, nondescript (i.e., low structural similarity and low activity similarity), and scaffold hops (low structural similarity but high activity similarity). Recently, SAS maps have been extended to take into account multiple descriptor representations (two and three dimensions) (36, 37). In addition to SAS maps, other pairwise metrics to characterize and visualize SAR landscapes have been developed such as the structure-activity landscape index (SALI) (38) and the structure-activity index (SARI) (39). 

NSG that connect regions of low and high SAR discontinuity). Such SAR pathways represent a set of compounds that when ordered appropriately exhibit a continuous series of SAR changes. While network-based analyses of landscapes have seen much activity, an alternative visualization approach described by Seebeck et al. (42) abstracted the idea of the SALI metric and extended it to include the receptor. Using this technique they were able to highlight specific regions within protein-binding sites that are most likely to lead to activity cliffs. 

Figure 13.1-2 Chemical equilibrium constants as a function of temperature. [Reprinted with permission from M. Modell and R. C. Reid. Thermodynamics and Its Applications, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. (1974), p- 396. This figure appears as an Adobe PDF file on the CD-ROM accompanying this book, and may be enlarged and printed for easier reading and for use in solving problems. Also, the values of the chemical equilibrium constants can be calculated using Visual Basic and DOS-Basic Programs on the CD-ROM accompanying this book. These programs. are discussed in Appendix B.I and B.K.)...

A common visual analogy for recursion involves a video camera and a television (TV) monitor. Consider the following nomenclature Camera(ClifO means Camera looking at Cliff Pickover, and TV(Cliff) means TV shows a picture of Cliff Pickover. When operated in the usual manner, the camera produces an image of the subject as ... 

Smith, M. J. (1984a), Health Issues in VDT Work, in Visual Display Terminals Usability Issues and Health Concerns, J. Bermett, D. Case, and M. J. Smith, Eds., Prentice HaU, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 193-228. 

The existence of activity cliffs (a sharp change in biological activity in response to a small change in chemical structure of the ligand) in SAR is well known to practicing medicinal chemists. However, it is only recently that the phenomena have been quantified [22], in some case rationalized [23], and tools developed to aid visualization and navigation of this difficult response surface. Modem chemoinfor-matics methods are now able to visually articulate the effect of the phenomena on SAR data (Figure 8.8), even if it is likely to remain unpredictable. 

The integration of structural similarity and activity within a single visualization approach provides a consistent framework for the elucidation of SAR trends, continuity regions, and activity cliffs in a dataset. Again dimensionality reduction approaches are essential for mapping the chemical space onto a 2D-plot. The first... 

Di Battista, G., Eades, P., Tamassia, R., Tollis, LG Graph Drawing Algorithms for the Visualization of Graphs. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1998)... 

Skookum Seedless was rated very high in terms of visual attractiveness (Cliff et al 1996). This cultivar was released in 1997 (Reynolds et al 1997a). It is widely planted commercially in British Columbia and Ontario. 

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