Video box trainer

Simulators are developed primarily for the procedure(s) they are designed to emulate. Surgical simulators can include animal models, cadavers, synthetic and tissue-based bench models, computer/web-based simulators, video box trainers, web-based interface simulators, VR (or computer driven) part-task trainers, VR simulators that can allow the user to mimic an entire surgical procedure (whole-task trainers), hybrid simulators... 

Figure 10.4 Video box trainer with synthetic torso and laparoscopic training...

Physical simulation models include synthetic models of anatomy called phantoms or task-specific models hke the well-known peg transfer wooden model. Physical simulators can be used as a benchtop model for open surgical procedures or used in conjunction with a box trainer (a set up that includes an endoscopic camera, trocar ports and laparoscopic instruments, and a video screen) to teach minimally invasive procedures. 

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