Vertical profiles carbon dioxide

Vertical concentration profiles of (a) temperature, (b) potential density, (c) salinity, (d) O2, (e) % saturation of O2, (f) bicarbonate and TDIC, (g) carbonate alkalinity and total alkalinity, (h) pH, (i) carbonate, ( ) carbon dioxide and carbonic acid concentrations, and (k) carbonate-to-bicarbonate ion concentration ratio. Curves labeled f,p have been corrected for the effects of in-situ temperature and pressure on equilibrium speciation. Curves labeled t, 1 atm have been corrected for the in-situ temperature effect, but not for that caused by pressure. Data from 50°27.5 N, 176°13.8 W in the North Pacific Ocean on June 1966. Source From Culberson, C., and R. M. Pytkowicz (1968). Limnology and Oceanography, 13, 403-417. 

Kuck L.R. Balsley B.B. Helmig D. Conway T.J. Tans P.P. Davis K. Jensen M.L. Bognar J.A. Arrieta R.V. Rodriquez R. and Birks J.W. (2000). Measurements of landscape-scale fluxes of carbon dioxide in the Peruvian Amazon by vertical profiling through the atmospheric boundary layer. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105(D17), 22137-22146. 

Figure 4.2 shows a typical vertical temperature and salinity profile from the eastern Levantine Basin in May. Beneath a shallow mixed layer and sharp seasonal thermocline, there is a modified Atlantic water, which has a characteristic low salinity. As the surface water flows to the east the modified Atlantic water becomes progressively more saline. Eventually it is converted into LIW and Levantine Deep Water (LDW). The transformation occurs in rather limited areas within the eastern basin where the oceanographic and climatic conditions combine to cause downward flow of water in winter. As occurs in all parts of the ocean, it results in the downward flow of biogeochemically active chemical substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients from the surface into intermediate and deep water. 

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