Salinity profiles

Figure 6. Transition temperature/salinity profile for a number of different xanthans.

An estimate of J is obtained via curve fitting using an approach analogous to the one described earlier for the salinity profiles where is obtained from the salinity profile curve fitting. 

Railsback LB, Anderson TF, Ackerly SC, Cisne JL (1989) Paleoceanic modeling of temperature-salinity profiles from stable isotope data, Paleoceanography 4 585-591 Raiswell R, Berner RA (1985) Pyrite formation in euxinic and semi-euxinic sediments. Am J Sci 285 710-724... 

In order to quantitatively estimate this statement, we carried out a statistical analysis of all the vertical temperature and salinity profiles available from January to March in 15 regions of the Black Sea with bottom depths greater than 50 m. In each of them, we determined the recurrences of two types of profiles with different depths of temperature minimums (1) in the UML and... 

Figure 8 Nd-isotope ratio and salinity profiles in the Atlantic. Nd-isotope ratios with depth are consistent with salinity in the Atlantic, further showing that the Nd-isotopic signatures of water masses are conserved with advective...

Figure 4 Vertical profiles of total dissolved inorganic carbon (TIC) in the ocean. Curve A corresponds to a theoretical profile that would have been obtained prior to the Industrial Revolution with an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 280 ixmol mol The curve is derived from the solubility coefficients for CO2 in seawater, using a typical thermal and salinity profile from the central Pacific Ocean, and assumes that when surface water cools and sinks to become deep water it has equilibrated with atmospheric CO2. Curve B corresponds to the same calculated solubility profile of TIC, but in the year 1995, with an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 360 xmol moPk The difference between these two curves is the integrated oceanic uptake of CO2 from anthropogenic emissions since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, with the assumption that biological processes have been in steady state (and hence have not materially affected the net influx of CO2). Curve C is a representative profile of measured TIC from the central Pacific Ocean. The difference between curve C and B is the contribution of biological processes to the uptake of CO2 in the steady state (i.e. the contribution of the biological pump to the TIC pool.) (courtesy of Doug Wallace and the World Ocean Circulation Experiment).

The second field test was conducted on the R.V. Knorr (KN-095) in conjunction with studies of a warm core ring that formed from the Gulf Stream. Three hydrographically distinct regimes can be identified from the temperature and salinity profiles (Figure 6) a surface layer some 40-50 m... 

Figure 6. Temperature and salinity profile at edge of warm core Ring 82-B (37° N, 73° W June 23, 1982).

Mean Salinity Profile Mean Velocity Profile... 

Up to 1974, hydrographic data were collected with reversing water bottles and thermometers, and titration of chlorinity for salinity, using certified standard seawater as the reference. From 1974, temperature and salinity profiles were measured with CTD, but up to 1988, nutrient samples were still collected with reversing water bottles. From 1988, CTD-Rosette samplers have been used. An overview of the NERI devices, methods, and uncertainties is given in Table 11.8. 

Optimum Phase Type and Optimum Salinity Profile in Surfactant Flooding... 

FIGURE 8.15 Salinity profiles in a negative salinity gradient. 

Because the highest oil recovery factor depends on the type of microemulsion, we must ensure the surfactant sing is in the phase type that leads to the highest oil recovery factor. In other words, the snrfactant sing shonld be in the optimum phase behavior system. Therefore, we propose a concept of optimum salinity profile (OSP). The proposed optimnm salinity profile is schematically shown in Figure 8.16. It can be described as follows ... 

For the optimum salinity, in the cases krl to kr5, the optimum phase type is type II(+) in Case kr2, not type III in Case krl, and the optimum salinity is 0.415 meq/mL, not the conventional optimum salinity of 0.365 meq/mL at the middle of Csd and Cse . In Case OSP7, we keep the optimum salinity of 0.415 meq/mL in the 0.4 PV polymer slug after the surfactant slug and in the preflush water, but change the salinity in the chase water from 0.415 to 0.335 meq/mL. Thus, the salinity profile follows the proposed optimum salinity prohle. The RF from this case is higher than the RF from Case kr2, and actually higher than any RF from Cases krl to kr5. In other words, the RF from the OSP case is the highest. 

---