Vertical morphology

In the perpendicular (or "vertical") morphology, Fig. 3b, the imposed thickness constraint acts perpendicular to the lamellar ordering, and hence the bulk period A,b is still realized. Now the amount of interface between A-rich phase and the walls and of B-rich phase and the walls is exactly the same for the anti-sym-metric arrangement (Fig. 4a) and the vertical arrangement (Fig. 3b), if one neglects the (relatively very small) regions of width w where AB-interfaces meet the walls (in case of Fig. 3b). Since the sample volume is fixed by the amount of... 

The vertical arrangement is favored over the horizontal one whenever Fvanti-symmetric one whenever X3 -3X+2 = X-1J x+2)>0, which is realized for all X except X =1 where the two structures are degenerate. The vertical morphology is favored over a horizontal symmetric one when... 

One finds [36] that the vertical morphology is favored over the horizontal anti-symmetric morphology when... 

Figure 4 (a) The measute period relative to /o as a function of d/Lg. The solid lines are the maximum and minimum deviations of the period from Lo (b) The film thickness divided by the repeat period dlL is shown as a function of the ratio of the film thickness to the equilibrium period d/Lg. (c) Reduced lamellar period, A, as a function of reduced plate separation. d=D/Lg, for6=0.15. Wherever the vertical morphology is favored, the bulk equilibrium lamellar period, Lg, is realized, thus A= 1. Reproduced with permission from Walton, D. G. Kellogg, G. J. Mayes, A. M. et al. Macromolecules 9SA, 27,6225. " ... 

Temperature also affects production rates but, through its influence on the thermal expansion of water, it also induces changes in the depth of vertical mixing and resistance to wind-stirring processes. Reactions to temperature of other components of the food chain are also important in the regulation of phytoplankton biomass by consumers. Different phytoplankton species, with important morphological differences, are differentiated selectively by the interplay of these factors. " ... 

In hardwoods, morphological structural elements in longitudinal series comprise the segmented structure termed vessel . Vessels, which are exposed in transverse section, constitute about 10-46% of the stem volume in deciduous hardwoods and are cells of relatively large diameters (50-300 p.m). Vessels have in short the appearance of open vertical tubes within the wood structure because their end walls have partially dissolved. By comparison, the hardwood vessel diameter can be as much a 10 times the diameter of a softwood fiber. 

Fig. 17.8 (a) Schematic of CNT/Ti02 arrays for DSSCs. Morphology of the vertically aligned CNT array (b) and the CNT/Ti02 array (c). Reprinted with permission from [46], Copyright 2009, American Chemical Society. 

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