Vertical arrow

Figure Al.6.21. Bra and ket wavepacket dynamics which detennine the coherence overlap, (( ) ( ) ). Vertical arrows mark the transitions between electronic states and horizontal arrows indicate free propagation on the potential surface. Full curves are used for the ket wavepacket, while dashed curves indicate the bra wavepacket. (a) Stimulated emission, (b) Excited state (transient) absorption (from [41]).

Figure 5.2 Rotational term values F J) (horizontal lines) relative populations Nj/Nq (calculated from Equation 5.15) and transition wavenumbers v (for the transitions indicated by the vertical arrows) for CO...

Figure 1 Chart showing the decay chain of the U-Th decay series isotopes. Vertical arrows define alpha (a) decays while beta (/ ) decays are illustrated by diagonal arrows...

Figure 2.21. HFI NOE difference spectra (b, c) and FIFI NOESY diagram (d) of a-pinene (1) with /-/ NMR spectrum (a) for comparison [(CD3)2CO, 10% v/v, 25 °C, 200 MHz, section from <5 = 0.85 to 2.34 ]. Vertical arrows in (b) and (c) indicate the irradiation frequencies in the HH NOESY plot (d), cross-signals linked by a dotted line show the NOE detected in (c)...

The CID is a useful tool for insuring diermodynamic feasibility of mass exchange. On this dia am, N,p + 1 corresponding composition scales are generated. First, a composition scale, y, for the waste streams is established. Then, Eq, (3.5) is employed to create Nsp corresponding composition scales for the process MSAs. On the CID, each process stream is represented as a vertical arrow whose tail corresponds to its supply composition while its head represents its target composition. Next, horizontal lines are drawn at the heads and tails of the arrows. These horizontal lines define a series of composition intervals. The number of intervals... 

Each of the vertical arrows in Fig. 1 represents the process of plunging one or more ions from a vacuum into a certain solvent. We want to know in detail what takes place in this process. For each ion in the final state a little portion of solvent is subject to the intense field of the ionic charge and is slightly modified. Thus each ion determines to some extent the character of its own environment in the solvent. In com-... 

In Sec. 2 we saw that the vertical arrows in Fig. 1 denote the process of plunging ions from a vacuum into a solvent. Initially the ionic field exists in the vacuum, and we may say that, in this process, solvent molecules are introduced into this field. In fact, starting with the ion in a vacuum, the final state could equally well be reached by placing molecules in contact with the ion, and continuing to add more and more molecules until the ion is situated in a drop of liquid. In either case each vertical arrow in Fig. 1 denotes a process where solvent molecules are introduced into an intense ionic field and therefore corresponds to the process of introducing a dielectric into the gap between the plates of a condenser which already bears charges +q. 

C in Fig. 3), the loss of free energy will be small (arrow C in Fig. 4a). In this case the length of the vertical arrow A in Fig. 4a is nearly as great as B-, the work to charge the condenser with the gas between the plates would be almost as great as in a vacuum. 

On the other hand, all the solvents with which we deal in this book have large electrostatic susceptibilities. In Fig. 4b the length of the vertical arrow C is almost as great as B. That is to say, the amount of free energy lost by the dielectric is almost as large as the whole of the energy initially associated with the field X in the vacuum. 

The depth of this potential minimum will play a part similar to that of the depth of the minimum in Fig. 8a. The energy represented by the vertical arrow in Fig. 9a is the work required to detach a positive atomic core from the surface of the metallic lattice and to leave it at rest in a vacuum. No name for this quantity has come into general use. We shall denote it by Y, c, corresponding to the D of Fig. 8a. 

Although Fig. 10 was drawn for a uni-univalent or di-divalent crystal, there is no reason why three or more ions should not be removed from the crystal along divergent lines, so that the ions are gradually separated from each other against their mutual attraction. In this way Fig. 11 can be constructed for uni-divalent or other types of crystal. In this case, when Fig. 13 is drawn the vertical arrow will represent the sum of the solvation energies of three or more ions. 

The indicators numbered 1 and 2 at the bottom of Table 39 both have vacant proton levels low enough for use in dilute solution the circles in Fig. 67 give the experimental results obtained in aqueous solutions of HC1. In each case the slope of the line does not differ from the theoretical slope of (218) by as much as 5 per cent. Reading off the constant vertical distance between the two curves (the length of the vertical arrow in Fig. 67), we find... 

Calculate E for n = 1,2,3, and 4 (Rj, = 2.180 X 10 18 J). Make a onedimensional graph showing energy, at different values of n, increasing vertically. On this graph, indicate by vertical arrows transitions in the... 

Fig. 6. Sequence comparisons of Rieske proteins from spinach chloroplasts, beef heart mitochondria, green sulfur bacteria, and firmicutes. The extended insertion of proteobacterial Rieske proteins as compared to the mitochondrial one is indicated by a dotted arrow. The redox-potential-influencing Ser residue is marked by a vertical arrow. The top and the bottom sequence numberings refer to the spinach and bovine proteins, respectively. Fully conserved residues are marked by dark shading, whereas the residues conserved in the b6f-group are denoted by lighter shading.

Figure 2.19. Intersection of two linear regression lines (schematic). In the intersection zone (gray area), at a given c-value two PD-curves of equal area exist that at a specific y-value yield the densities zi and Z2 depicted by the dashed and the full lines. The product zi Z2 is added over the whole y-range, giving the probability-of-intersection value for that x. The cumulative sum of such probabilities is displayed as a sigmoidal curve the r-values at which 5, respectively 95% of Z2) s reached are indicated by vertical arrows. These can be...

Figure 46-6. Flow of membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cell surface. Horizontal arrows denote steps that have been proposed to be signal independent and thus represent bulkflow. The open vertical arrows in the boxes denote retention of proteins that are resident in the membranes of the organelle indicated. The open vertical arrows outside the boxes indicate signal-mediated transport to lysosomes and secretory storage granules. (Reproduced, with permission, from Pfeffer SR, Rothman JE Biosynthetic protein transport and sorting by the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Annu Rev Biochem 1987 56 829.)...

Fig. 4. The EPR spectra at 93 °K of cell walls saturated with copper have been best fitted to theoretical lineshapes assuming only one type (a) or two types (b) of exchange sites for the adsorption of the ions. Vertical arrows at g = 2.0028. ...

Figure 4.11 Optimized structures of CH cO species, as indicated, over aqueous-solvated Pt(lll) as determined by DFT in Cao et al. [2005]. Horizontal and vertical arrows indicate C—H and O—H cleavage steps, respectively. Reaction energies are included for the aqueous phase [Cao et al., 2005] and the vapor phase (in parentheses) [Desai et al., 2002]. The thermodynamically preferred aqueous phase pathway is indicated by bold arrows (in blue). (See color insert.)...

Another polyatomic molecule provided an opportunity to study the effect of the Gouy phase discussed in Section III [62]. Figure 12 depicts a slice of the potential energy surfaces of vinyl chloride, where the vertical arrows correspond to 532 nm photons. The two pathways for dissociation correspond to CO3 versus 3ce>i, whereas those for ionization correspond to m3 + 2coi versus 5ce>i (i.e., I = 2, m = 1, n = 3). Figure 13 shows the phase lag for ionization... 

The relative amount of strand cleavage at each site of AQ-DNA(l) is indicated by the length of the solid vertical arrow shown in Fig. 4. As is often observed, the 5 -G of the GG steps react more often than do the 3 -G. In the case of AQ-DNA(l), the relative reactivity is ca. 1 3, but this ratio depends upon the specific base pair sequence surrounding a GG step, which may be an indication of radical cation delocalization to bases adjacent to the GG sequence. It is worth pointing out again that these reactions are carried out under single-hit conditions where the relative strand cleavage efficiency seen at various locations of AQ-DNA(l) reflect the statistical probability that the radical cation will be trapped by H20 at that site. 

Figure 12.2a. Photosynthetic Z-scheme for green plants. Abbreviations not included in the text are PQ, plastiquinone Cyt bse, a form of cytochrome b absorbing at 564 nm FD, ferredoxin FP a flavoprotein. Long vertical arrows indicate steps arising from photoactivation of pigment reaction centers dashed arrows indicate uncertain pathways.0185...

Figure 15.3 EEG/EMG recordings showing the differences between cataplexy (A) in an orexin l mouse, and a sleep attack (B) in an OX-jR mouse. Note how cataplexy (i.e. an abrupt arrest) is associated with a transition to REM sleep, but the sleep attack (i.e. a gradual arrest) shows the characteristics of non-REM sleep after the transition. In fact, based only on these EEG/EMG records, the sleep attack would not appear unusual, and it is the associated behavior, as revealed on the concurrent video recordings (i.e. the collapse into sleep without the typical preparatory behaviors), that reveals how this type of attack is similar to the overwhelming sleepiness experienced by the narcoleptic patient. Vertical arrows denote the times at which an arrest is behaviorally evident. Scale bar is 10 sec. Adapted from Willie et al. (2003).

Electronic transitions in a solute take place very fast, i.e., almost immediately in comparison with the movement of the molecules as a whole and vibrations of atoms in organic molecules. Hence, absorption and fluorescence can be denoted in Fig. 5 by vertical arrows, in accordance with Franck-Condon principle. Both these processes are separated by relaxations, which are intermolecular rearrangements of the solute-solvent system after the excitation. 

Figure 34 Excerpts of two-dimensional HMBC spectra of cholesteryl acetate recorded on a Bruker Avancell 400 MHz spectrometer (A) with the standard HMBC pulse sequence (Figure 1), and (B) with the IMPACT-HMBC experiment depicted in Figure 30. The same contour levels are used for all spectra. In (A), F, ridges are still visible (indicated by a vertical arrow), while they are very efficiently suppressed in (B). The proposed sequence results in signals with no coupling structure, as a result of the incorporation of a constant-time period. The improved peak dispersion is shown for the correlation between C-3 and H-2 (expanded in the small boxes). Asterix and the dashed box indicate residual Vch signals. The measurement duration was 22 min for both experiments.

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