Ventricular septum

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by abnormal left ventricular thickening. The left ventricular septum is the most common site of involvement. Pathologically, the disease is characterized by myocardial fiber disarray. The myocardium may exhibit extensive scarring and disorganization of interstitial and intercellular tissue (Elstein et al., 1992). The severity of HCM depends on the age of the patient, as well as the extent of the disarray. Patients with HCM have variable... 

Then heart Pericardium, atrium, ventricle, ventricular septum, atrioventricular valve, and semilunar valve. 

By 5 hours of age, this infant was receiving glucose at a rate of 13 5 mg/kg/min. The blood glucose concentration continued to be less than 1.1 mmol/L, and the infant was given 15 mg of hydrocortisone every 6 hours. Echocardiography showed decreased left ventricular contractility and hypertrophy of the ventricular septum but no other structural abnormalities. These findings were consistent with the cardiomyopathy often seen in infants of diabetic mothers. 

In a prospective study of 187 episodes of tachycardia in 127 unselected patients adenosine was given in an average dose of 9.7 mg (28). In 108 cases, adenosine induced transient ventricular extra beats or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia after successful termination of supraventricular tachycardia more than half had a right bundle branch block morphology that suggested that the dysrhythmias had originated from the inferior left ventricular septum. 

A 12-year-old girl with terminal renal insnfficiency was given alfacalcidol (0.5 mg/day 0.02 micrograms/ kg) and calcium carbonate (1 g/day) and developed calcification of the papillary muscles, of the ventricular septum, and of the atrioventricnlar valves, with sinus bradycardia and heart block that reqnired a cardiac pacemaker. Her serum calcium was 2.7 mmol/1, phosphate 3.14 mmol/1, and parathyroid hormone 23 pg/ml. Calcidiol and calcinm carbonate... 

Surgical treatment generally is reserved for patients who are refractory to medical management, have an outflow gradient of 50 mm Hg or more, a very thick ventricular septum, and high LV pressures. Surgical... 

Fig. 296. Autophagosome from the reoxygenated ventricular septum (block 1461) of a rat (No. 15) treated for 8 consecutive days with intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg carbocromene per kg body weight x day. On the last 5 days of experimentation tne animal was exposed to an atmosphere containing only 5 % oxygen for 30 min. On August 6, 1976 half an hour after the last exposure under pentobarbital anaesthesia (30 mg/kg), the animal was perfused from the abdominal aorta with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4). Postfixation with 1 % osmium tetroxide in sodium cacodylate buffer. Embedded in Epon 812 and sectioned at 50 nm. Lead citrate and uranyl acetate. Eilm 622-44...

Fig. 10.14 Very long HV interval representing severe disease of the His-Purkinje system. His bnndle recording in a patient with right bundle branch block and syncope. Left ventricular ejection fraction was normal. There was no documentation of seconder third-degree AV block before the electrophysiological study. Note the very long HV interval of 124ms measured from the His bundle potential to the earliest ventricular activation either in the surface or intracardiac leads, (normal = 35-55 ms) responsible for the first-degree AV block. Time fines = 10ms. A = low atrial depolarization, H = His bundle potential, V = Activation of high ventricular septum. Syncope disappeared after implantation of a permanent pacemaker.

Undesirable positions for the ventricular lead are in the left ventricular cavity, that is, through perforation of the ventricular septum, the lead having... 

Combinations of dextro- and levocardiograms depicted in different gray levels or colours demonstrate the spatial relationship between the heart chambers and great vessels and thereby allow a clear delineation of the ventricular septum, in particular in the four chamber view (Bogren et al., 1981). For these studies, only a limited number of pictures from the whole series has to be processed. However, interactive search for those pictures which optimally fit to each other is required and can be done shortly after the procedure. This type of operation will probably not become a field for automatic real time digital image processing. 

U waves are not always seen on the ECG (Fig. 2.16). Opinion is divided over what exactly the U wave represents. Many consider the U wave to represent repolarisation of the ventricular septum or Purkinje fibres. These waves can be difficult to see and are usually smaller than P waves. 

---