Venous experimental studies

Aronson DL, Thomas DP (1985) Experimental studies on venous thrombosis effect of coagulants, procoagulants and vessel contusion. Thromb Haemost 54 866-870 Biemond BJ, Friedeiich PW, Levi M et al. (1996) Comparison of sustained antithrombotic effects of inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa in experimental thrombosis. Circulation 93 153-160... 

Only a small number of experimental studies were conducted in animal models, as metal stents were rapidly applied in venous obstruction in humans. The animal studies proved both the biocompatibil-... 

Neville et al. 1994). Overall, experimental studies showed that venous structure and hemodynamics were compatible with endoluminal stent placement. 

Livigni, S. et al. 2006. Efficacy and safety of a low-flow veno-venous carbon dioxide removal device Results of an experimental study in adult sheep. Crit Care 10(5) R151. 

Veulemans H, Van Vlem E, Janssens H, et al. 1982. Experimental human exposure to w-hexane. Study of the respiratory uptake and elimination, and of -hexane concentrations in peripheral venous blood. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 49(3-4) 251-263. 

Doenicke, A., Kugler, A., Vollmann, N., Suttmann, H., andTaeger, K. (1990) [Etomidateusinganewsolubilizer. Experimental clinical studies on venous tolerance and bioavailability] (GermAnpJesthesist, 39 475—480. 

The protocol is a written document (see Section II.C.I) that describes the necessary parts of a stability study. It details the basic plan that will be executed, and its two major components include the tests to be performed and the schedule of testing that is planned. The types of batches that require a protocol are clinical, formulation development, registration, and marketed product. In addition, compatibility of a product with a vehicle (e.g., an injectable product in an intra venous saline solution) is often studied to support the use of injectable products for hospital use. Probe stability studies are generally more experimental in nature and may not be suitable for a formal written protocol. 

Venous flow is a complex interaction between the compliant structures (veins and surrounding tissues) and the flow of blood. Since venous blood pressure is low, transmural pressure can become negative, thereby resulting in blood flow through a partially collapsed tube. Early studies with a thin-walled elastic tube revealed the relevant experimental evidence (Conrad, 1969). The steady flow rate (Q) through a given length of a uniform collapsible tube depends on two pressure differences... 

The objective of these IPPSF studies was to assess the effect of electroporation on the iontophoretic delivery of LHRH. The experimental design and Porex electrodes have been fully described elsewhere (Heit et al, 1993 1994 Monteiro-Riviere, 1990). Briefly, a 1.0-mg/ml solution of LHRH in lOmM 2-(A-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid buffer with 154mM NaCl was placed in A.5-cm Ag/AgCl electrodes. Direct current (positive polarity, anode in the donor) was applied at a current density of0.4mA/cm2 for 30min. The venous effluent of the IPPSF was collected and assayed for LHRH using a radioimmunoassay. An electroporative pulse of 500 V and 5-msec exponential time constant was applied immediately prior to iontophoresis. In some experiments, the electroporation/iontophoresis protocol was repeated for various intervals to assess the effect of repeated applications. 

---