Vasoactive peptides calcitonin gene-related peptide

ANF atrial natriuretic peptide CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide... 

Calcitonin gene-related peptide Vasoactive intestinal peptide Galanin Somatostatin... 

Peptides are used by most tissues for cell-to-cell communication. As noted in Chapters 6 and 21, they play important roles in the autonomic and central nervous systems. Several peptides exert important direct effects on vascular and other smooth muscles. These peptides include vasoconstrictors (angiotensin II, vasopressin, endothelins, neuropeptide Y, and urotensin) and vasodilators (bradykinin and related kinins, natriuretic peptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, neurotensin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and adrenomedullin). This chapter focuses on the smooth muscle actions of the peptides. 

Concentrations of acrolein between 22 and 249 ppm for 10 minutes induced a dose-related decrease in substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in nerve terminals innervating the trachea of rats (Springall et al. 1990). No change was seen in total nerve distribution and number or in vasoactive intestinal peptide. Springall et al. (1990) indicate that acrolein may induced release of peptides that could play a role in the physiological response to irritants. 

Macrophages/DCs and lymphocytes express a variety of adrenergic receptors. Increased concenh ations of NE or dopamine can modulate T cells polarization toward Th2 profile, stimulate IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 secretion (Kohm and Sanders, 2001). The same Th2 polarization can be induced by histamine, serotonin, neuropeptides such as substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and leptin (Steinman, 2004). 

Brain. S.D. etal. (1996) Calcitonin gene-related peptide Vasoactive effects and therapeutic potential. Gen. Pharmacol., 27, 607-611. 

Erection occurs as a result of increased pressure in the corpora cavernosa, which translates into penile rigidity. The pressure increase is caused by three synergistic processes (i) relaxation of the smooth muscles of the corpora cavernosa (2)increase in arterial blood flow to the penis and (5) restriction of the venous blood flow out of the penis. Both central and peripheral mechanisms contribute to the process of penile erection. At the central level, the psychological component of penile erection is controlled by the hypothalamic and limbic systems (140). At the peripheral level, both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways as well as several mediators are involved. Psychogenic and local stimulation results in the release of neurotransmitters from the cavemosal nerve terminals and smooth muscle endothelium. Factors that mediate the corpus cavemosum relaxation include nitric oxide (NO), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and prostaglandin. 

Miampamba M, Chery-Croze S, Chayvialle JA. 1992. Spinal and intestinal levels of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide following perendoscopic injection of formalin in rat colonic wall. Neuropeptides 22 73-80. 

Wallengren, J., Moller, H., and Ekman, R. (1987). Occurrence of substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and calcitonin gene-related peptide in dermographism and cold urticaria. Arch. Dermatol. Forsch. 279, 512-515. 

Franco-Cereceda, A., Bengtsson, L. Lundberg, J.M. (1987) Inotropic effects of calcitonin-gene related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and somatostatin on the human right atrium in vitro. Eur.J. Pharmacol. 134, 69-76. 

Describe the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P. and calcitonin gene-related peptide. 

VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE, SUBSTANCE P, CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE, NEUROPEPTIDE Y... 

A. Classification and Prototypes Vasoactive peptides comprise a large class of endogenous substances that function as neurotransmitters as well as local and systemic hormones. The better-known peptides include angiotensin, bradykinin, atrial natriuretic peptide, endothelin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasopressin, glucagon, and several opioid peptides. Vasopressin is discussed in Chapters 15 and 37, the opioid peptides in Chapter 31, and glucagon in Chapter 41. The peptides discussed in this chapter and their effects are summarized in Table 17-1. 

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