Variations due to alloying

Similar effects can be found for metal overlayers, where a monolayer of one metal is deposited on top of another metal. Here there is an additional effect relating to the fact that the overlayer usually takes the lattice constant of the substrate. For metal overlayers we therefore find a combination of ligand and strain effects. 

As described in Chapter 2, a number of spectroscopic surface methods give information relating to d band shifts [45]. Ross, Markovic and coworkers have developed synchrotron-based high resolution photoemission spectroscopy to directly measure d band centers giving results in good agreement with the DFT calculations [46]. Another possibility is to exploit the fact that in some cases a shift in the d states can be measured as a core-level shift, as the d states and the core levels shift 

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