Vapour capacity factor

The gas load is usually characterised by the F-Factor, which is the vapour capacity factor defined as product of superficial gas velocity and square root of vapour density ... 

Fypi (m/s) kg/m Pai/2 m-i/2kgi/2s-i gas or vapour capacity factor at flooding point... 

Determining the vapour capacity factor Fv,f1 flooding point, acc. to Eq. (2-67) and the column diameter dgfor metal, randomly filled 50 mm Pall rings for the separation of the mixture ethyl benzene/styrene under vacuum. 

The vapour capacity factor Fv,fi at the flooding point is determined using the method described in Sect. 2.2.4 as well as Eq. (2-67). The following variables are given, with the physical properties applicable for a top pressure of px = 66.7 mbar. 

The vapour capacity factor at the flooding point Fyn is now given as ... 

The following numerical value was found by Billet [5], Chap. 2, for the vapour capacity factor Fypi with L/V = fo]. same system and a marginally different phase flow ratio, compared to the one specified in the task definition ... 

Based on experimental pressure drop data Apo/H of the dry packing in a column with a diameter ds, it is possible to determine the resistance coefficient xjr for different vapour capacity factors Fy and the packing density N. 

According to Figs. 3-4a and 3-4b, the fully developed turbulent flow starts at Rev = 2100 to 10000. Based on the rule of thumb, this corresponds to a vapour capacity factor Fv of ... 

In Fig. 11 taken fixim Stringle and Rukovena [43], a principle diagram of HETP as a hinction of die vapour capacity factor (called also entrainment... 

The recommended design procedure for an approximate evaluation utilizes a final design vapour-rate, Cs, which is a percentage of the reduced maximum operational capacity factor (usually between 80% and 87%). Note that in high-pressure operations, the usable hydraulic capacity of the tower packing may be reached because of excessive liquid hold-up before the... 

Clearly, the right-hand side of eqn.(3.13) is always positive. Consequently, it leads to activity coefficients which are above unity, and hence (since the capacity factor is inversely proportional to 7) towards decreasing retention. When the polarity of the solute and the stationary phase are similar, then only the (small and negative) entropic contribution to the activity coefficient will remain, y will be close to unity, and retention will mainly be determined by the pure solute s vapour pressure. 

The value Fq is also called vapour (gas) capacity factor. The maximal permissible value of the capacity factor depends on a dimensionless flow parameter if/ equal to the ratio of values proportional to the dynamic pressures of the liquid and the gas phase, m- to be precise, to the square root of this ratio. 

Fg = vapour (gas) capacity factor, without taking into account the... 

Factors of importance in preventing such thermal runaway reactions are mainly related to the control of reaction velocity and temperature within suitable limits. These may involve such considerations as adequate heating and particularly cooling capacity in both liquid and vapour phases of a reaction system proportions of reactants and rates of addition (allowing for an induction period) use of solvents as diluents and to reduce viscosity of the reaction medium adequate agitation and mixing in the reactor control of reaction or distillation pressure use of an inert atmosphere. 

The proper choice of a solvent for a particular application depends on several factors, among which its physical properties are of prime importance. The solvent should first of all be liquid under the temperature and pressure conditions at which it is employed. Its thermodynamic properties, such as the density and vapour pressure, and their temperature and pressure coefficients, as well as the heat capacity and surface tension, and transport properties, such as viscosity, diffusion coefficient, and thermal conductivity also need to be considered. Electrical, optical and magnetic properties, such as the dipole moment, dielectric constant, refractive index, magnetic susceptibility, and electrical conductance are relevant too. Furthermore, molecular characteristics, such as the size, surface area and volume, as well as orientational relaxation times have appreciable bearing on the applicability of a solvent or on the interpretation of solvent effects. These properties are discussed and presented in this Chapter. 

Barrie (1968) collected all the known data on water sorption. From these data it is possible to estimate the effect of the different structural groups on water sorption at different degrees of humidity. Table 18.14 presents the best possible approach to the sorptive capacity of polymers versus water, i.e. the amount of water per structural group at equilibrium, expressed as molar ratio. From these data the solubility (cm3 water vapour (STP) per cm3 of polymer) can be easily calculated. (The multiplication factor is 22.4 x 103/V, where V is the molar volume per structural polymer unit.)... 

As a very essential requirement, there shall be absolutely no internal source of release of a combustible gas, vapour, mist or liquid. Even small volumes of gases with low LEL values (see Table 1.1 in Section 1.2), e.g. acetylene or benzene, can form an explosive mixture (with air) with a volume exceeding the volume of release by a factor 101 to 102 (as an order of magnitude). So, one mole of acetylene (=26g) can form a volume of more than 1 m3 explosive atmosphere. Or, as a second example a high voltage oil-blast circuit breaker with 200 MVA rated breaking capacity generates 70-80 litres... 

The Kesler-Lee correlations for liquid and vapour phase heat capacities of petroleum fluids are used for estimating the respective enthalpies at temperatures of interest. The Lee-Kesler corresponding-states method is used for obtaining estimates of the heats of vaporization and for developing the saturation envelope enthalpies. This method uses the Curl and Pitzer approach and calculates various thermodynamic properties by representing the compressibility factor of any fluid in terms of a simple fluid and a reference fluid as follows ... 

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