Vanillic add

Potential (mV) Noise (nA) Centiacacid Vanillic add Caffekacid Sinapicadd ... 

Chlorogenic add, feruhc acid, vanillic add, caffeic acid, catechol in coffee extracts... 

It is possible to replace the vanillin in the reagent by 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, salicylaldehydq /n-anisaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid or vanillic add [3]. However, the range of colors obtained is not so broad. 

Prize at the second stage of ripeness, and in Nobel at both. Ripe varieties of Gem, Hass Motril, and Sir Prize were the only ones where sinapic add was found, with Colin V 33 and Sir Prize being the only varieties that had vanillin. Gallic and vanillic adds were exclusively present in ripe Sir Prize avocado, which turned out to be the richest sample in terms of the number of compounds. 

Fig. 2.7 The effects of pH on the ionic state of a theoretical phenolic acid with a pKa value of 4.5 (a) and estimated pKa values for cinnamic and benzoic acids (b). Where CAF equals caffeic acid, PCO equals p-coumaric acid, FER equals ferulic acid, SIN equals sinapic add, POH equals p-hydroxybenzoic acid, SYR equals syringic acid, and VAN equals vanillic add. A pKa value for caffeic acid was not available. Figure (b) based on data from Blum et al. (1999b). CRC Press LLC, data used with permission of Taylor Francis Ltd, http //www.tandf.co.uk/joumals. Origintil sources of data Al Leo, personal communication, Leo et al. (1971), Nordstrom and Lindbeig (1965), Kenttamaa et al. (1970), Connors and Lipari (1976) Glass (1975)...

The reduction of carboxylic acids to aldehydes is of preparative interest and a number of microbial carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) (aldehyde oxidoreductases) have been found since the discovery of the tungsten-containing CAR that reduced nonactivated carboxylic acids to the corresponding aldehydes with no further reduction of the aldehydes to alcohols [83]. The reduction of vanillic add to the aldehyde vanillin has been achieved in vitro with the CAR from Nocardia sp. [84] and as part of a de novo biosynthesis in yeast [85]. A CAR from Mycobacterium marinum has been discovered that can convert a wide range of aliphatic fatty acids (C6-C18) into corresponding aldehydes [86]. 

Control Protocatechuic add / Hydroxybcnzoic add Cafletc add Vanillic add Syringk add Kaempferol Apigaiin... 

Other nonbrominated aromatic derivatives were isolated from Caukrpa racemosa, in particular hydrocarbons and ethers from an Indian Caukrpa racemosa, and two vanillic add derivatives, induding a rare biphenyl moiety, from an Australian Cladophora socialis. The latter two compounds are potent inhibitors of the enzyme protein tyrosine phosphatase IB (Feng et al., 2007). 

Fig. II Fluorescence scan of a chromatogram track with SOO ng each of noradrenaline (1), adrenaline (2), serotonin (3), vanilmandelic add (4), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic add (6), homovanillic acid (7) and vanillic acid (8) together with 230 ng creatinine, all per chromatogram zone measurement at X(3,c = 313 nm and > 390 nm (cut off filter FI 39 (A)), X = 365 nm and Xj, >430 nm...

Poudre A Iq, Vanille Brume—lor the skin or for sachets.—Powdered vanilla, rose leaves, lump storax, benzoin, rhodium, palllsandre and ebony woods, each one pound powdered cloves, two ounces powdered musk, two drachms. Mix together with three pounds of starch sift, and add a few drops of extracts of tuberose acd jessamine. 

Polyfunctional O-containing compounds are counted in each functional group, e.g., propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy- O ctic acid) appears in die alcohol catalog and the acid catalog benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-medioxy- (vanillic acid) appears in the add catalog, die phenol catalog, and die edier catalog. 

Protocatechuic acid is soluble in water, and melts at 199°. Ferric chloride colors its aqueous solution bluish-green, the color changing to blue and finally to red on the addition of alkalies. The acid reduces an ammoniacal solution of silver nitrate, but does not reduce Fehling s solution. It decomposes into pyrocatechol and carbon dioxide when distilled. Bromine in the cold forms bromoprotocatechuic acid at 100° the carboxyl group is eliminated and tetrabromopyrocatechol is formed. The monomethyl ether, C6H3(OH)(OCH3)COOH(4, 3, 1), is called vanillic acid, as it is formed by the oxidation of vanillin. The dimethyl ether, veratric acid, and the methylene ether, CH2 02 C6H3C00H, piperonylic add, are obtained from a number of substances which occur in nature. 

Transfer 4 g vanillic acid (0.0238 mol) into a 100 ml rormd bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser and add to it 3.6 g diethylamine (0.05 mol). The reaction being exothermic in nature requires essential cooling. Now, to the cooled reaction mixture add 2.2 g (0.015 mol) P20g together with 2.2 g glass powder and 25 ml xylene to obtain a thin-paste. 

Quercetin, isorhamnetin, quercitrin, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, and morin Betulinic acid, oleanolic add, and ursolic add Vanillic acid, caffeic add, p-coumaric add, ferulic acid, delphinidin, cyanidin, quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, procyanidin B2, and procyanidin B3... 

The second P-0-4 dimer submitted to reaction with dioxygen (10 bar) at room temperature in the presence of Co(II) salen as the catalyst was l-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethane-l-ol 23, also prepared according to Landucci (22). In the same reaction conditions, again, veratric add methyl ester 4 was recognized after methylation, derived from vanillic acid methyl ester 6 present in the oxidation reaction mixture. The other component of the methylated mixture was 1,2-dimethoxy-benzene 22, derived from ortho-methoxyphenol 20. 

Fig. 2.15 Recovery, over time, of ferulic (FER) acid (a P > 0.89) and vanillic (VAN) add (b) from sterile Cecil A and B soils by 0.25 M EDTA (pH 7) or water. Phenolic add added at time zero was 2.5 xmol/g soil. Standard error bars for (b) are smaller than the symbol representing the mean, a based on regressions and b based on data points of two figures from Blum et al. (1994). Plenum Publishing Corporation, regressions and data used with permission of Springer Sdence and Business Media...

Utilization of phenolic acids by microbes can be substantial as long as conditions are appropriate, e.g., adequate nutrition, moisture, pH, and temperature. However, a variety of other factors can also influence microbial utilization of phenolic acids. For example, phenolic acid utilization by microbes was reduced when more readily available carbon sources were present in the soil such as glucose and phenylalanine (Fig. 2.24 Blum et al. 1993 Pue et al. 1995) or other sources of available carbon, i.e., roots (Blum et al. 1999a). The presence of methionine, however, did not influence the rate of phenolic acid utilization by soil microbes (Pue et al. 1995). Differential utilization of carbon sources by soil microbes is fairly common (Martin and Haider 1979 Harder and Dijkhuizen 1982 Papanastasiou 1982 Sugi and Schimel 1993). Thus the relationship between phenolic acid-utilizing microbes and their carbon environment is complex. There is yet another aspect that adds to this complexity. Initial microbial breakdown products of phenolic acids are frequently other phenolic acids. For example, ferulic acid is converted to caffeic acid or vanillic acid and these are converted to protocatechuic acid. Next the ring structure of the... 

Dalton BR, Blum U, Weed SB (1989a) Plant phenolic acids in soils sorption of femlic add by soil and soil components sterihzed by different techniques. Soil Biol Biochem 21 1011-1018 Dalton BR, Blum U, Weed SB (1989b) Differential sorption of exogenously applied feniUc, p-coumaric,p-hydroxybenzoic, and vanillic acids in soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 53 757-762 Dalton BR, Weed SB, Blum U (1987) Plant phenolic acids in soils a comparison of extraction procedures. Soil Sci Soc Am J 51 1515-1521... 

Fig. 3.7 Standard curves. Absorbance of caffeic acid (CAF), ferulic acid (FER), p-coumaric acid (PCO),p-hydroxybenzoic acid (POH), protocatechuic add (PRO), sinapic add (SIN), syringicadd (SYR), and vanillic acid (VAN) after reacting with the FoUn Ciocalteu s phenol reagent. Figure reproduced from Blum et al. (1991). Plenum Publishing Corporation, figure used with permission of Springer Science and Business Media...

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