Vanadium oxide lithium polymer batteries

These polymer electrol5rtes were exploited in the late 1990s for the fabrication of large-sized, laminated battery modules based on cells formed by a lithium foil anode and a vanadium oxide cathode, developed jointly by Hydro Quebec in Canada and 3M company in the United States [7,8]. The battery module had very good performance in terms of energy density (155 Wh kg ) and cycle life (600 cycles at 80% depth of discharge (DOD)), and it was proposed as a power source for EVs, a very futuristic concept back in 1996. However, despite this and other successful demonstration projects, the lithium polymer battery project was abandoned and only very recently reconsidered for use in an EV produced in France [9]. 

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