Vanadium III hydroxide

A sorption colloid flotation method has been developed for the separation of vanadium from sea water. The separation is based on a surfactant-collector inert gas system in which vanadate is sorbed on a positively charged colloidal iron(III) hydroxide collector. The vanadate enriched collector rises to the sea water surface and floats as a separable foam with aid of sodium dodecylsulfate as surfactant and nitrogen as inert gas. The major advantages of this method are the rapid attainment of flotation and the excellent recovery of 86 % vanadium based on spiked sea water samples. Flotation was found to be highly pH sensitive optimal values were found to be 5.00 + 0.02. In effect, at pH 4.90 a slight decline in recovery of vanadium could already be observed, whereas at pH 7 and above there was no vanadium float 53). 

If the trace element and the collector have opposite chemical properties (acidic, basic), the co-precipitation may be the result of formation of chemical compounds. For example, traces of germanium or vanadium form germanates or vanadates in co-precipitation with Fe(III)-, A1-, or La- hydroxides, while traces of tungsten or molybdenum, on co-precipitation with Fe(III) hydroxide, form the corresponding Fe(III) tungstate or molybdate. 

Vanadium(II) hydroxide is a grayish violet gelatinous substance. It absorbs oxygen from the air, even when dry, to form a greenish hydroxide of vanadium(III). 

See also Lithium hydroxide and lithium oxide, synthesis 1 Vanadium(II) hydroxide, synthesis 30 Uranyl chloride 1-hydrate, synthesis 41 Chlorine (CP )-labeled thionyl chloride, silicon tetrachloride, boron chloride, germanium(IV) chloride, and phos-phorus(III) chloride, synthesis 44 Inner complexes of cobalt(III) with diethylenetriamine, synthesis 56... 

Justification. Investigation of a number of gelatinous hydrous metal oxides (frequently called hydroxides, although their full structures are uncertain) has established ( ) that hydrous titanium (IV), zirconium (IV), iron (III), vanadium (III) and tin (II) oxides at least are capable of forming with enzymes insoluble complexes which are enzymically active. From the practical viewpoint hydrous titanium (IV) and zirconium (IV) oxides proved the most satisfactory. Comparatively high retentions of enzyme specific activity may be achieved (3, 4, 5). Such hydrous metal oxide materials have also proved to be suitable for the immobilisation of amino acids and peptides ( ), antibiotics with retention of antimicrobial activity ( ), polysaccharides J ), etc. 

Scherbakova, S.A., Krasnyanskaya, N.A., Melchakova, N.V., and Peshkova, V.M. (1978) Study of the complex formation of vanadium(III,V) with hydroxide ions by the extraction method (distribution). Zh. Neorg. Khim., 23, 770-773. 

Bis(cyclopentadienyl)bis(pentafluorophenyl)zirconium, 3824 Bis(cyclopentadienyldinitrosylchromium), 3269 Bis(cyclopentadienyl)hexafluoro-2-butynechromium, 3629 Bis(cyclopentadienyl)lead, 3288 Bis(cyclopentadienyl)magnesium, 3271 Bis(cyclopentadienyl)manganese, 3272 Bis(cyclopentadienyl)niobium tetrahydroborate, 3318 Bis(cyclopentadienyl)pentafluorophenylzirconium hydroxide, 3696 Bis(cyclopentadienyl)phenylvanadium, 3698 Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium selenate, 3287 Bis(cyclopentadienyl)tungsten diazide oxide, 3279 Bis(cyclopentadienyl)vanadium diazide, 3280 Bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium, 3290 Bis(l,2-diaminoethane)diaquacobalt(III) perchlorate, 1787 Bis(l,2-diaminoethane)dichlorocobalt(III) chlorate, 1780 Bis(l,2-diaminoethane)dichlorocobalt(III) perchlorate, 1781 c/i-Bisf 1,2-diaminoethane)dinitrocobalt(III) iodate, 1782 Bis(l,2-diaminoethane)dinitrocobalt(III) perchlorate, 1778 Bis(l,2-diaminoethane)hydroxooxorhenium(V) perchlorate, 1785 Bis(l, 2-diaminopropane)-ds-dichlorochromium(III) perchlorate, 2609 1,10-Bis(diazonio)decaboran(8)ate, 0197... 

Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth s crust (after oxygen and silicon), accounting for 8.2% of the total mass. It occurs most commonly in association with silicon in the aluminosilicates of feldspars and micas and in clays, the products of weathering of these rocks. The most important ore for aluminum production is bauxite, a hydrated aluminum oxide that contains 50% to 60% AI2O3 1% to 20% FeiOs 1% to 10% silica minor concentrations of titanium, zirconium, vanadium, and other transition-metal oxides and the balance (20% to 30%) water. Bauxite is purified via the Bayer process, which takes advantage of the fact that the amphoteric oxide alumina is soluble in strong bases but iron(III) oxide is not. Crude bauxite is dissolved in sodium hydroxide... 

Adsorption of vanadium and chromium are of direct significance in geo-chemical cycles. Hydroxide surfaces largely determine their transformation and complex formation. Such surfaces are additionally built up by a thin adherent water film. The adsorption kinetics of vanadyl (IV) and chromium (III) depend on the surface OH ligands (Wehrli Stumm 1988). For the interpretation of the results the relation between the adsorption rate of different ions and the rate of water exchange is based on the data obtained by Hachiya et al. (1984). 

Volume 4 is similar in arrangement to the earlier volumes. The ligands dealt with are the hydroxide ion, some of the transition metal ligands (vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and others) and ligands of the Groups III through VII elements. 

Volume III Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides. (1997) ISBN 0-9622097-2-4 (descriptions of 628 mineral species, including antimonates, antimonites, arsenites, carbides, halides, hydroxides, nitrides, oxides, phosphides, silicides, vanadium oxysalts). 

---