Vanadium compounds manufacture

The use of certain vanadium compounds as catalysts has been increasing. Vanadium oxy trichloride is a catalyst in making ediylene-propylene rubber. Ammonium metavanadate and vanadium pentoxide aie used as oxidation catalysts, particularly in the production of polyamides, such as nylon, in the manufacture of H>S04 by the contact process, in the production of phdialic and maleic anhydrides, and in numerous other oxidation reactions, such as alcohol to acetaldehyde, anthracene to anthraquinone, sugar to oxalic acid, and diphenylamine to carbazole. Vanadium compounds have been used for many years 111 die ceramics field for enamels and glazes. Colors are produced by various combinations of vanadium oxide and silica, zirconia, zinc, lead, tin, selenium, and cadmium. Vanadium intermediate compounds also are used in the making of aniline Mack used by the dye industry... 

Vanadium plays an important role in many industrial catalysts used extensively in a variety of applications including the production of SO3 from SO2, selective oxidation of hydrocarbons, reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia, and in the manufacture of many chemicals and chemical intermediates. Such catalysts typically consist of vanadium compounds supported on oxides such as silica, alumina, titania, etc., and their activity depends on factors such as the chemical form and crystalline environment... 

Use Target material for X rays, manufacture of alloy steels, vanadium compounds, especially catalyst for sulfuric acid and synthetic rubber. 

The import of vanadium by the United States can be split into three different products vanadium-containing materials such as ores, slags, and residues from which the vanadium must still be recovered ferrovanadium and manufactured vanadium compounds (principally vanadium pentoxide). Due to shortages of domestic ore and petroleum residues, imports of the former increased substantially from 1983 to 1987, rising from 58 to 2,264 tons. On the other hand, imports of ferrovanadium have declined from 1,461 tons in 1984 to 422 tons in 1987. Imports of vanadium pentoxide were approximately 400 tons in both 1984 and 1987, despite falling to as low as 63 tons in 1985. In 1986, the top four exporters of vanadium to the United States were Austria, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the Republic of South Africa (Hilliard 1987). 

Many other metal compounds exist including the following often toxic examples barium compounds, eg., barium bromide beryllium compounds, eg., beryllium hydroxide cadmium compounds, e.g., cadmium iodide copper compounds like copper hydroxide, used as a pigment, in paper manufacturing, and as a pesticide lead compounds, like the soluble lead fluorosilicate thallium compounds, e.g., thallium sulphide and vanadium compounds, e.g., vanadium dichloride. 

The oxides VO and V2O3 are basic, whereas VO2 can have both acid and basic properties. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), an acid anhydride, is the most important of the vanadium compounds whose main use is as a catalyst in the contact process for the manufacture of sulfuric acid. The compounds of vanadium in its different oxidation states exhibit varied colors. Compounds of V are lavender V, green V, blue and V, orange. 

The final PBT-TRI rule did not change the TRI reporting requirements for cobalt. Vanadium compounds were added to the list of TRI reportable substances. Reporting thresholds are the same as other substances, 10 000 pounds for chemicals processed or otherwise used or 25 000 pounds for manufactured compounds. 

Shiny, anticorrosive metal some of its compounds are used to manufacture sulfuric acid and a harder form of steel known as vanadium steel. 

Orthophthalic acid is made by the oxidation of naphthalene (1) with H2SCL fuming heated, in the presence of mercuric sulfate —SO2 is also formed and recovered (2 ) with air in the presence of vanadium pentoxide at 450 to 520°C. Orthophthalic acid also is formed when benzene compounds containing carbon ortho-substituted groups are oxidized. Orthophthalic arid is used in the manufacture of indigo and other dyes,... 

Facilities that Manufacture or Process Vanadium and Compounds ... 

The major facilities within the United States that manufacture or process vanadium and vanadium-containing compounds are listed in Table 4-1. 

Releases to the environment from U.S. facilities that manufactured or processed vanadium and its compounds in 1987 are listed in Table 5-1. 

TABLE 5-1. Releases to the Environment from Facilities that Manufacture or process Vanadium and Compounds ... 

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