Valeric 7-lactone

Levulinic acid is highly reactive and moreover is capable of assuming a lacl one form (XXXII). Valeric y-lactone (XXXIII) can be obtained in very high yield by hydrogenation of levulinic acid, and this compound is a good solvent and may well find extensive uses as such. Moreover it may be hydrogenated to 1,4-pentandiol (XXXIV),which on dehydration yields 1,3-pentadiene (piperylene) (XXXV). Piperylene is... 

N.A. Angelica archangelica L. Angelicide, brefeldin A, ligustilide, n-butyldenephthalide, phyllandrene, tinnins, valeric acid, ferulic acid, lactones, limonene, courmarin.98,99,100,107-272 Stimulate blood circulation, regulate menstruation, stimulate appetite, alleviate coughs and pain. 

P-METHYL-8-VALEROLACTONE (Valeric acid, 5-hydroxy-3-methyl-, 8-lactone)... 

The 3-lactone dimer of dimethylketene reacts with alcohols, phenols, mercaptans, and amines to form derivatives of 2,2,4-trimethyl valeric acid. In this respect it is a more powerful acylating reagent than the normal dimer, tetramethyl-l,3-cyclo-butanedione. The preparation of 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-oxovaler-anilide, for example, is accomplished easily with the lactone dimer, but is extremely difficult with the normal dimer ... 

Valeric acid, a-ACETYL- -CHLORO-7-HYDROXY-, y-LACTONE, 31, 1 5-HYDROXY-3-METHYL, 5-LACTONE,... 

Valeric acid, a-ACETYL-5-CHLORO-y-HYDROXY-, 7-LACTONE, 31, 1 S-HYDROXY-3-METHYL-5-LACTONE, 35, 86... 

Valeric acid, ol-acetyl-S-chloro-y-hydroxy-, y-lactone, 31,1 Vanillic acid, 30,101,103 Vanillin, 30, 102, 104 Veratraldehyde, 31, 58 Vinyl acetate, 30, 106 Vinyl caprate, 30,108 Vinyl caproate, 30,108 Vinyl caprylate, 30,108 Vinyl 10-hendecenoate, 30,108 Vinyl laurate, 30,106 Vinyl myristate, 30,108 Vinyl oleate, 30, 108 Vinyl palmitate, 30,108 Vinyl pelargonate, 30, 108 Vinyl stearate, 30,108 Vinyl undecylenate, 30,108... 

Bal Ischmiester and Dereksen ( ) reported nine alcohols isolated from a steam distillate of peanuts. Brown et al. (62) resolved extracts from roasted peanuts into various fractions via classical chemical techniques. A number of acids were found, including acetic, propionic, isobuyric, isovaleric, valeric, heptanoic, decanoic, lauric, myristic, phenylacetic, and dihy-droxynapthaleneacetic. Carbonyl compounds reported were hexanal, 2, 4-decadienal, and 2-oxooctanal. Tentative evidence was presented for aliphatic lactones, which are powerful flavoring agents. 

All esters discussed so far are acyclic molecules (this means they do not contain rings), but there are also cyclic esters, where both the acyl carbon and the alcohol oxygen are constituent members of a ring, as in 88-90. These cyclic esters are called lactones. The common names for structurally simple lactones arise by using the suffix for the open chain carboxylic acid precursor and the word lactone. Compound 88 is y-butyrolactone and 89 is 6-valerolactone, where the name is taken from the common names for the four-carbon acid (butyric acid) and the five-carbon acid (valeric acid). The lUPAC names are based on the cyclic ether, so 88 is 2-oxoolane and 89 is 2-oxooxane. 

Important components of hard cheeses (Gouda type) include some carboxylic acid esters (ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate), as well as carboxylic acids (acetic, butyric, isobutyric, valeric, isovaleric, 2-methylbutyric and caproic acids). Cheeses manufactured using bacteria of the genus Propionibacterium (such as Emmental and Gruyere) contain propionic acid and other lower fatty acids, methyl thioacetate, some oxocarboxylic acids, various alcohols, esters (such as ethyl butanoate), lactones (such as 8-decalactone), amines and other basic compounds (also skatole in addition to aliphatic amines), alkylpyrazines (e.g. 2-sec-butyl-3-methoxypyrazine), 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-2H-furan-3-one (furaneol), 2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-2H-furan-3-one (homofuraneol) and a range of other compounds. 

Guaiacol valerate 6874 Hexazole 2624 3-Hydroxybutyric acid lactone 7535... 

Valeric add, 2,3-diam[ao-4-hydroxy-. y lactone, and df-ATdr. 41 3788y, ... 

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