Vacuum energy violation

The WGS reaction is a reversible reaction that is, the WGS reaction attains equilibrium with the reverse WGS reaction. Thus, the fact that the WGS reaction is promoted by H20 (a reactant), in turn implies that the reverse WGS reaction may also be promoted by a reactant, H2 or C02. In fact, the decomposition of the surface formates produced from H2+C02 was promoted 8-10 times by gas-phase hydrogen. The WGS and reverse WGS reactions conceivably proceed on different formate sites of the ZnO surface unlike usual catalytic reaction kinetics, while the occurrence of the reactant-promoted reactions does not violate the principle of microscopic reversibility. The activation energy for the decomposition of the formates (produced from H20+CO) in vacuum is 155 kJ/mol, and the activation energy for the decomposition of the formates (produced from H2+C02) in vacuum is 171 kJ/mol. The selectivity for the decomposition of the formates produced from H20+ CO at 533 K is 74% for H20 + CO and 26% for H2+C02, while the selectivity for the decomposition of the formates produced from H2+C02 at 533 K is 71% for H2+C02 and 29% for H20+C0 as shown in Scheme 8.3. The drastic difference in selectivity is not presently understood. It is clear, however, that this should not be ascribed to the difference of the bonding feature in the zinc formate species because v(CH), vav(OCO), and v/OCO) for both bidentate formates produced from H20+C0 and H2+C02 show nearly the same frequencies. Note that the origin (HzO+CO or H2+C02) from which the formate is produced is remembered as a main decomposition path under vacuum, while the origin is forgotten by coadsorbed H20. 

Once formed, the source dipole is a broken symmetry [2] in the vacuum s energy flux along the lines experimentally shown by Wu et al. in 1957 [35]. As Lee points out, the asymmetry between opposite signs of electric charge is called C violation, or charge conjugation violation, or sometimes particle-antiparticle asymmetry. As Nobelist Lee [2] further states, Since non-obser-vables imply symmetry, these discoveries of asymmetry must imply observables. ... 

One occurrence is a violation of the conservation of the axial vector current. We have that the 1 and 2 currents are conserved and invariant. On the high-energy vacuum we expect that currents should obey... 

The other principal radiative correction is the vacuum polarization (Fig. 3 b)). It describes the interaction of a fermion with virtual electron-positron pairs which can be thought present in the vacuum for short times without violating the energy-time uncertainty relation. If external fields are present, these virtual pairs are influenced and act like a polarizable medium. Therefore the Coulomb interaction of the nucleus with the electrons is modified which leads to an energy shift compared to the pure Coulomb potential energy eigenvalue. 

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