Utsira

During 2004 and 2005, four major wind-hydrogen projects have been launched in Europe the Utsira project in Norway the HARI project at Loughborough the promoting unst renewable energy project in Unst, UK and the RES2H2 project in Greece and Spain. 

Chadwick, R. A., Holloway, S., Kirby, G. A., Gregersen, U. and Johannessen, P. N. (2000). The Utsira Sand, Central North Sea - an assessment of its potential for regional C02 storage. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-5), ed. Williams, D., Durie, B., McMullan, P., Paulson, C. and Smith, A. Sydney, Australia CSIRO, pp. 349-354. 

In addition, the Norwegian oil company, Statoil, is injecting approximately 1 million ton per year of recovered COz into the Utsira Sand, a saline formation... 

Norsk Hydro in co-operation with Enercon developed a combined wind and hydrogen energy system as a pilot demonstration project on the island of Utsira, whose municipality has an ambition to be self-supplied with renewable energy (Eide et al., 2004). 

Figure 4.6. Overall view of the Utsira wind-hydrogen site (Eide et al., 2004)...

Eide P, Hagen E F, Kuhhnann M, Rohden R, (2004). Construction and commissioning of the Utsira wind / hydrogen stand-alone power system. Published in the proceedings of EWEC 2004,22-25 November 2004. Downloadable from http //www.2004ewec.info/... 

At the Sleipner gas field in the North Sea off Norway, natural gas is produced containing about 10 percent C02. The C02 concentration exceeds the concentration allowed in the European natural gas grid by about a factor of 4. Normally in such cases, C02 is stripped from the gas onshore and vented to the atmosphere. Since 1996, motivated by a carbon tax of about 140/t C (in U.S. dollars), the field operators are stripping C02 offshore and injecting it into the nearby Utsira formation, a very large saline aquifer that does not contain hydrocarbons. 

Isaksen, G. H. Ledie, K. H. 1.2001. Source rock quality and hydrocarbon migration pathways within the greater Utsira High area. Viking Graben, Norwegian North Sea. AAPG Bulletin, 85,861 -883. 

The world s first industrial-scale CO2 storage was at Norway s Sleipner gas field in the North Sea, where about one million tons per year of compressed liquid CO2 separated from methane is injected into a deep reservoir (saline aquifer) about a kilometer below the sea bed and remains safely in place. The natural gas contains 9% CO2 which must be reduced before sale or export. The overall Utsira sandstone formation there, about 1 km below the sea bed, is said to be capable of storing 600 billion tons of CO2. 

Since 1985, worldwide, no fewer than twenty-five projects have been carried out with this aim. Here, we can cite the main ones HYSOLAR (1985), SWB (1986), NEMO (1989), FIRST (1989), SCHATZ (1989), FHG - ISE (1992), SAPHYS (1994), HRI(2000), HARI(2001), UTSIRA (2004), HHC(2004), CEC(2007),... 

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